The Latest Papers about AI
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An End-to-End Transformer Model for 3D Object Detection
2021-09-16 17:57:37Ishan Misra, Rohit Girdhar, Armand JoulinAbstract
We propose 3DETR, an end-to-end Transformer based object detection model for 3D point clouds. Compared to existing detection methods that employ a number of 3D-specific inductive biases, 3DETR requires minimal modifications to the vanilla Transformer block. Specifically, we find that a standard Transformer with non-parametric queries and Fourier positional embeddings is competitive with specialized architectures that employ libraries of 3D-specific operators with hand-tuned hyperparameters. Nevertheless, 3DETR is conceptually simple and easy to implement, enabling further improvements by incorporating 3D domain knowledge. Through extensive experiments, we show 3DETR outperforms the well-established and highly optimized VoteNet baselines on the challenging ScanNetV2 dataset by 9.5%. Furthermore, we show 3DETR is applicable to 3D tasks beyond detection, and can serve as a building block for future research.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08141
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Phrase Retrieval Learns Passage Retrieval, Too
2021-09-16 17:42:45Jinhyuk Lee, Alexander Wettig, Danqi ChenAbstract
Dense retrieval methods have shown great promise over sparse retrieval methods in a range of NLP problems. Among them, dense phrase retrieval-the most fine-grained retrieval unit-is appealing because phrases can be directly used as the output for question answering and slot filling tasks. In this work, we follow the intuition that retrieving phrases naturally entails retrieving larger text blocks and study whether phrase retrieval can serve as the basis for coarse-level retrieval including passages and documents. We first observe that a dense phrase-retrieval system, without any retraining, already achieves better passage retrieval accuracy (+3-5% in top-5 accuracy) compared to passage retrievers, which also helps achieve superior end-to-end QA performance with fewer passages. Then, we provide an interpretation for why phrase-level supervision helps learn better fine-grained entailment compared to passage-level supervision, and also show that phrase retrieval can be improved to achieve competitive performance in document-retrieval tasks such as entity linking and knowledge-grounded dialogue. Finally, we demonstrate how phrase filtering and vector quantization can reduce the size of our index by 4-10x, making dense phrase retrieval a practical and versatile solution in multi-granularity retrieval.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08133
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Does Summary Evaluation Survive Translation to Other Languages?
2021-09-16 17:35:01Neslihan Iskender, Oleg Vasilyev, Tim Polzehl, John Bohannon, Sebastian MöllerAbstract
The creation of a large summarization quality dataset is a considerable, expensive, time-consuming effort, requiring careful planning and setup. It includes producing human-written and machine-generated summaries and evaluation of the summaries by humans, preferably by linguistic experts, and by automatic evaluation tools. If such effort is made in one language, it would be beneficial to be able to use it in other languages. To investigate how much we can trust the translation of such dataset without repeating human annotations in another language, we translated an existing English summarization dataset, SummEval dataset, to four different languages and analyzed the scores from the automatic evaluation metrics in translated languages, as well as their correlation with human annotations in the source language. Our results reveal that although translation changes the absolute value of automatic scores, the scores keep the same rank order and approximately the same correlations with human annotations.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08129
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Conservative Data Sharing for Multi-Task Offline Reinforcement Learning
2021-09-16 17:34:06Tianhe Yu, Aviral Kumar, Yevgen Chebotar, Karol Hausman, Sergey Levine, Chelsea FinnAbstract
Offline reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have shown promising results in domains where abundant pre-collected data is available. However, prior methods focus on solving individual problems from scratch with an offline dataset without considering how an offline RL agent can acquire multiple skills. We argue that a natural use case of offline RL is in settings where we can pool large amounts of data collected in various scenarios for solving different tasks, and utilize all of this data to learn behaviors for all the tasks more effectively rather than training each one in isolation. However, sharing data across all tasks in multi-task offline RL performs surprisingly poorly in practice. Thorough empirical analysis, we find that sharing data can actually exacerbate the distributional shift between the learned policy and the dataset, which in turn can lead to divergence of the learned policy and poor performance. To address this challenge, we develop a simple technique for data-sharing in multi-task offline RL that routes data based on the improvement over the task-specific data. We call this approach conservative data sharing (CDS), and it can be applied with multiple single-task offline RL methods. On a range of challenging multi-task locomotion, navigation, and vision-based robotic manipulation problems, CDS achieves the best or comparable performance compared to prior offline multi-task RL methods and previous data sharing approaches.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08128
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NORESQA -- A Framework for Speech Quality Assessment using Non-Matching References
2021-09-16 17:27:12Pranay Manocha, Buye Xu, Anurag KumarAbstract
The perceptual task of speech quality assessment (SQA) is a challenging task for machines to do. Objective SQA methods that rely on the availability of the corresponding clean reference have been the primary go-to approaches for SQA. Clearly, these methods fail in real-world scenarios where the ground truth clean references are not available. In recent years, non-intrusive methods that train neural networks to predict ratings or scores have attracted much attention, but they suffer from several shortcomings such as lack of robustness, reliance on labeled data for training and so on. In this work, we propose a new direction for speech quality assessment. Inspired by human's innate ability to compare and assess the quality of speech signals even when they have non-matching contents, we propose a novel framework that predicts a subjective relative quality score for the given speech signal with respect to any provided reference without using any subjective data. We show that neural networks trained using our framework produce scores that correlate well with subjective mean opinion scores (MOS) and are also competitive to methods such as DNSMOS, which explicitly relies on MOS from humans for training networks. Moreover, our method also provides a natural way to embed quality-related information in neural networks, which we show is helpful for downstream tasks such as speech enhancement.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08125
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Neural '{E}tendue Expander for Ultra-Wide-Angle High-Fidelity Holographic Display
2021-09-16 17:21:52Seung-Hwan Baek, Ethan Tseng, Andrew Maimone, Nathan Matsuda, Grace Kuo, Qiang Fu, Wolfgang Heidrich, Douglas Lanman, Felix HeideAbstract
Holographic displays can generate light fields by dynamically modulating the wavefront of a coherent beam of light using a spatial light modulator, promising rich virtual and augmented reality applications. However, the limited spatial resolution of existing dynamic spatial light modulators imposes a tight bound on the diffraction angle. As a result, today's holographic displays possess low étendue, which is the product of the display area and the maximum solid angle of diffracted light. The low étendue forces a sacrifice of either the field of view (FOV) or the display size. In this work, we lift this limitation by presenting neural étendue expanders. This new breed of optical elements, which is learned from a natural image dataset, enables higher diffraction angles for ultra-wide FOV while maintaining both a compact form factor and the fidelity of displayed contents to human viewers. With neural étendue expanders, we achieve 64$\times$ étendue expansion of natural images with reconstruction quality (measured in PSNR) over 29dB on simulated retinal-resolution images. As a result, the proposed approach with expansion factor 64$\times$ enables high-fidelity ultra-wide-angle holographic projection of natural images using an 8K-pixel SLM, resulting in a 18.5 mm eyebox size and 2.18 steradians FOV, covering 85\% of the human stereo FOV.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08123
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Revisiting Tri-training of Dependency Parsers
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We compare two orthogonal semi-supervised learning techniques, namely tri-training and pretrained word embeddings, in the task of dependency parsing. We explore language-specific FastText and ELMo embeddings and multilingual BERT embeddings. We focus on a low resource scenario as semi-supervised learning can be expected to have the most impact here. Based on treebank size and available ELMo models, we select Hungarian, Uyghur (a zero-shot language for mBERT) and Vietnamese. Furthermore, we include English in a simulated low-resource setting. We find that pretrained word embeddings make more effective use of unlabelled data than tri-training but that the two approaches can be successfully combined.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08122
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A Survey of Online Hate Speech through the Causal Lens
2021-09-16 17:13:55Antigoni-Maria Founta, Lucia SpeciaAbstract
The societal issue of digital hostility has previously attracted a lot of attention. The topic counts an ample body of literature, yet remains prominent and challenging as ever due to its subjective nature. We posit that a better understanding of this problem will require the use of causal inference frameworks. This survey summarises the relevant research that revolves around estimations of causal effects related to online hate speech. Initially, we provide an argumentation as to why re-establishing the exploration of hate speech in causal terms is of the essence. Following that, we give an overview of the leading studies classified with respect to the direction of their outcomes, as well as an outline of all related research, and a summary of open research problems that can influence future work on the topic.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08120
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MeLT: Message-Level Transformer with Masked Document Representations as Pre-Training for Stance Detection
2021-09-16 17:07:45Matthew Matero, Nikita Soni, Niranjan Balasubramanian, H. Andrew SchwartzAbstract
Much of natural language processing is focused on leveraging large capacity language models, typically trained over single messages with a task of predicting one or more tokens. However, modeling human language at higher-levels of context (i.e., sequences of messages) is under-explored. In stance detection and other social media tasks where the goal is to predict an attribute of a message, we have contextual data that is loosely semantically connected by authorship. Here, we introduce Message-Level Transformer (MeLT) -- a hierarchical message-encoder pre-trained over Twitter and applied to the task of stance prediction. We focus on stance prediction as a task benefiting from knowing the context of the message (i.e., the sequence of previous messages). The model is trained using a variant of masked-language modeling; where instead of predicting tokens, it seeks to generate an entire masked (aggregated) message vector via reconstruction loss. We find that applying this pre-trained masked message-level transformer to the downstream task of stance detection achieves F1 performance of 67%.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08113
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Aesthetics and neural network image representations
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We analyze the spaces of images encoded by generative networks of the BigGAN architecture. We find that generic multiplicative perturbations away from the photo-realistic point often lead to images which appear as "artistic renditions" of the corresponding objects. This demonstrates an emergence of aesthetic properties directly from the structure of the photo-realistic environment coupled with its neural network parametrization. Moreover, modifying a deep semantic part of the neural network encoding leads to the appearance of symbolic visual representations.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08103
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DisUnknown: Distilling Unknown Factors for Disentanglement Learning
2021-09-16 16:27:40Sitao Xiang, Yuming Gu, Pengda Xiang, Menglei Chai, Hao Li, Yajie Zhao, Mingming HeAbstract
Disentangling data into interpretable and independent factors is critical for controllable generation tasks. With the availability of labeled data, supervision can help enforce the separation of specific factors as expected. However, it is often expensive or even impossible to label every single factor to achieve fully-supervised disentanglement. In this paper, we adopt a general setting where all factors that are hard to label or identify are encapsulated as a single unknown factor. Under this setting, we propose a flexible weakly-supervised multi-factor disentanglement framework DisUnknown, which Distills Unknown factors for enabling multi-conditional generation regarding both labeled and unknown factors. Specifically, a two-stage training approach is adopted to first disentangle the unknown factor with an effective and robust training method, and then train the final generator with the proper disentanglement of all labeled factors utilizing the unknown distillation. To demonstrate the generalization capacity and scalability of our method, we evaluate it on multiple benchmark datasets qualitatively and quantitatively and further apply it to various real-world applications on complicated datasets.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08090
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Zero-Shot Open Information Extraction using Question Generation and Reading Comprehension
2021-09-16 16:10:05Himanshu Gupta, Amogh Badugu, Tamanna Agrawal, Himanshu Sharad BhattAbstract
Typically, Open Information Extraction (OpenIE) focuses on extracting triples, representing a subject, a relation, and the object of the relation. However, most of the existing techniques are based on a predefined set of relations in each domain which limits their applicability to newer domains where these relations may be unknown such as financial documents. This paper presents a zero-shot open information extraction technique that extracts the entities (value) and their descriptions (key) from a sentence, using off the shelf machine reading comprehension (MRC) Model. The input questions to this model are created using a novel noun phrase generation method. This method takes the context of the sentence into account and can create a wide variety of questions making our technique domain independent. Given the questions and the sentence, our technique uses the MRC model to extract entities (value). The noun phrase corresponding to the question, with the highest confidence, is taken as the description (key). This paper also introduces the EDGAR10-Q dataset which is based on publicly available financial documents from corporations listed in US securities and exchange commission (SEC). The dataset consists of paragraphs, tagged values (entities), and their keys (descriptions) and is one of the largest among entity extraction datasets. This dataset will be a valuable addition to the research community, especially in the financial domain. Finally, the paper demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed technique on the EDGAR10-Q and Ade corpus drug dosage datasets, where it obtained 86.84 % and 97% accuracy, respectively.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08079
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Weighted Graph-Based Signal Temporal Logic Inference Using Neural Networks
2021-09-16 16:06:54Nasim Baharisangari, Kazuma Hirota, Ruixuan Yan, Agung Julius, Zhe XuAbstract
Extracting spatial-temporal knowledge from data is useful in many applications. It is important that the obtained knowledge is human-interpretable and amenable to formal analysis. In this paper, we propose a method that trains neural networks to learn spatial-temporal properties in the form of weighted graph-based signal temporal logic (wGSTL) formulas. For learning wGSTL formulas, we introduce a flexible wGSTL formula structure in which the user's preference can be applied in the inferred wGSTL formulas. In the proposed framework, each neuron of the neural networks corresponds to a subformula in a flexible wGSTL formula structure. We initially train a neural network to learn the wGSTL operators and then train a second neural network to learn the parameters in a flexible wGSTL formula structure. We use a COVID-19 dataset and a rain prediction dataset to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework and algorithms. We compare the performance of the proposed framework with three baseline classification methods including K-nearest neighbors, decision trees, and artificial neural networks. The classification accuracy obtained by the proposed framework is comparable with the baseline classification methods.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08078
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Field Study in Deploying Restless Multi-Armed Bandits: Assisting Non-Profits in Improving Maternal and Child Health
2021-09-16 16:04:48Aditya Mate, Lovish Madaan, Aparna Taneja, Neha Madhiwalla, Shresth Verma, Gargi Singh, Aparna Hegde, Pradeep Varakantham, Milind TambeAbstract
The widespread availability of cell phones has enabled non-profits to deliver critical health information to their beneficiaries in a timely manner. This paper describes our work to assist non-profits that employ automated messaging programs to deliver timely preventive care information to beneficiaries (new and expecting mothers) during pregnancy and after delivery. Unfortunately, a key challenge in such information delivery programs is that a significant fraction of beneficiaries drop out of the program. Yet, non-profits often have limited health-worker resources (time) to place crucial service calls for live interaction with beneficiaries to prevent such engagement drops. To assist non-profits in optimizing this limited resource, we developed a Restless Multi-Armed Bandits (RMABs) system. One key technical contribution in this system is a novel clustering method of offline historical data to infer unknown RMAB parameters. Our second major contribution is evaluation of our RMAB system in collaboration with an NGO, via a real-world service quality improvement study. The study compared strategies for optimizing service calls to 23003 participants over a period of 7 weeks to reduce engagement drops. We show that the RMAB group provides statistically significant improvement over other comparison groups, reducing ~ 30% engagement drops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the utility of RMABs in real world public health settings. We are transitioning our RMAB system to the NGO for real-world use.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08075
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Automated Testing with Temporal Logic Specifications for Robotic Controllers using Adaptive Experiment Design
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Many robot control scenarios involve assessing system robustness against a task specification. If either the controller or environment are composed of "black-box" components with unknown dynamics, we cannot rely on formal verification to assess our system. Assessing robustness via exhaustive testing is also often infeasible if the space of environments is large compared to experiment cost. Given limited budget, we provide a method to choose experiment inputs which give greatest insight into system performance against a given specification across the domain. By combining smooth robustness metrics for signal temporal logic with techniques from adaptive experiment design, our method chooses the most informative experimental inputs by incrementally constructing a surrogate model of the specification robustness. This model then chooses the next experiment to be in an area where there is either high prediction error or uncertainty. Our experiments show how this adaptive experimental design technique results in sample-efficient descriptions of system robustness. Further, we show how to use the model built via the experiment design process to assess the behaviour of a data-driven control system under domain shift.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08071
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Automatic Error Type Annotation for Arabic
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We present ARETA, an automatic error type annotation system for Modern Standard Arabic. We design ARETA to address Arabic's morphological richness and orthographic ambiguity. We base our error taxonomy on the Arabic Learner Corpus (ALC) Error Tagset with some modifications. ARETA achieves a performance of 85.8% (micro average F1 score) on a manually annotated blind test portion of ALC. We also demonstrate ARETA's usability by applying it to a number of submissions from the QALB 2014 shared task for Arabic grammatical error correction. The resulting analyses give helpful insights on the strengths and weaknesses of different submissions, which is more useful than the opaque M2 scoring metrics used in the shared task. ARETA employs a large Arabic morphological analyzer, but is completely unsupervised otherwise. We make ARETA publicly available.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08068
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Invertable Frowns: Video-to-Video Facial Emotion Translation
2021-09-16 15:43:51Ian Magnusson, Aruna Sankaranarayanan, Andrew LippmanAbstract
We present Wav2Lip-Emotion, a video-to-video translation architecture that modifies facial expressions of emotion in videos of speakers. Previous work modifies emotion in images, uses a single image to produce a video with animated emotion, or puppets facial expressions in videos with landmarks from a reference video. However, many use cases such as modifying an actor's performance in post-production, coaching individuals to be more animated speakers, or touching up emotion in a teleconference require a video-to-video translation approach. We explore a method to maintain speakers' lip movements, identity, and pose while translating their expressed emotion. Our approach extends an existing multi-modal lip synchronization architecture to modify the speaker's emotion using L1 reconstruction and pre-trained emotion objectives. We also propose a novel automated emotion evaluation approach and corroborate it with a user study. These find that we succeed in modifying emotion while maintaining lip synchronization. Visual quality is somewhat diminished, with a trade off between greater emotion modification and visual quality between model variants. Nevertheless, we demonstrate (1) that facial expressions of emotion can be modified with nothing other than L1 reconstruction and pre-trained emotion objectives and (2) that our automated emotion evaluation approach aligns with human judgements.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08061
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Urdu text in natural scene images: a new dataset and preliminary text detection
2021-09-16 15:41:50Hazrat Ali, Khalid Iqbal, Ghulam Mujtaba, Ahmad Fayyaz, Mohammad Farhad Bulbul, Fazal Wahab Karam, Ali ZahirAbstract
Text detection in natural scene images for content analysis is an interesting task. The research community has seen some great developments for English/Mandarin text detection. However, Urdu text extraction in natural scene images is a task not well addressed. In this work, firstly, a new dataset is introduced for Urdu text in natural scene images. The dataset comprises of 500 standalone images acquired from real scenes. Secondly, the channel enhanced Maximally Stable Extremal Region (MSER) method is applied to extract Urdu text regions as candidates in an image. Two-stage filtering mechanism is applied to eliminate non-candidate regions. In the first stage, text and noise are classified based on their geometric properties. In the second stage, a support vector machine classifier is trained to discard non-text candidate regions. After this, text candidate regions are linked using centroid-based vertical and horizontal distances. Text lines are further analyzed by a different classifier based on HOG features to remove non-text regions. Extensive experimentation is performed on the locally developed dataset to evaluate the performance. The experimental results show good performance on test set images. The dataset will be made available for research use. To the best of our knowledge, the work is the first of its kind for the Urdu language and would provide a good dataset for free research use and serve as a baseline performance on the task of Urdu text extraction.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08060
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Semi-Supervised Visual Representation Learning for Fashion Compatibility
2021-09-16 15:35:38Ambareesh Revanur, Vijay Kumar, Deepthi SharmaAbstract
We consider the problem of complementary fashion prediction. Existing approaches focus on learning an embedding space where fashion items from different categories that are visually compatible are closer to each other. However, creating such labeled outfits is intensive and also not feasible to generate all possible outfit combinations, especially with large fashion catalogs. In this work, we propose a semi-supervised learning approach where we leverage large unlabeled fashion corpus to create pseudo-positive and pseudo-negative outfits on the fly during training. For each labeled outfit in a training batch, we obtain a pseudo-outfit by matching each item in the labeled outfit with unlabeled items. Additionally, we introduce consistency regularization to ensure that representation of the original images and their transformations are consistent to implicitly incorporate colour and other important attributes through self-supervision. We conduct extensive experiments on Polyvore, Polyvore-D and our newly created large-scale Fashion Outfits datasets, and show that our approach with only a fraction of labeled examples performs on-par with completely supervised methods.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08052
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A Machine Learning Framework for Automatic Prediction of Human Semen Motility
2021-09-16 15:26:40Sandra Ottl, Maurice Gerczuk, Shahin Amiriparian, Björn SchullerAbstract
In the field of reproductive health, a vital aspect for the detection of male fertility issues is the analysis of human semen quality. Two factors of importance are the morphology and motility of the sperm cells. While the former describes defects in different parts of a spermatozoon, the latter measures the efficient movement of cells. For many non-human species, so-called Computer-Aided Sperm Analysis systems work well for assessing these characteristics from microscopic video recordings but struggle with human sperm samples which generally show higher degrees of debris and dead spermatozoa, as well as lower overall sperm motility. Here, machine learning methods that harness large amounts of training data to extract salient features could support physicians with the detection of fertility issues or in vitro fertilisation procedures. In this work, the overall motility of given sperm samples is predicted with the help of a machine learning framework integrating unsupervised methods for feature extraction with downstream regression models. The models evaluated herein improve on the state-of-the-art for video-based sperm-motility prediction.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08049
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