Abstract
We study the minimax rate of estimating a future value $\mu_{t_n+h}$ of a curve $t\mapsto\mu_t$ in the $2$-Wasserstein space $\mathcal{P}_2(\mathbb{R}^d)$ from finitely many noisy snapshots of its past, under an adiabatic bound $\|\nabla_t^k v\|\le\varepsilon$ on the $k$-th covariant derivative of the velocity field. Our central result is a unified temporal-spatial minimax lower bound: over regular, locally transport-rich subclasses, every estimator incurs $W_2$-risk with $M$-exponent $\gamma_d(k+1)/(k+1+\gamma_d)$, $\gamma_d=\min(1/d,1/2)$ ($M$ the total sample size). It follows from a temporal-to-spatial reduction: the smoothness budget defines a reachable $W_2$-ball into which a transport packing is embedded along the time axis, and the information of the entire snapshot experiment is controlled by a Fano argument -- the spatial packing is classical, but its smoothness-admissible temporal embedding and the full-window analysis are new. The bound interpolates a dimension-free extrapolation floor of order $\varepsilon h^{k+1}$ -- the irreducible cost of an unobserved future, present even with the exact past -- and the spatial estimation curse $M^{-\gamma_d}$, recovering the static distribution-estimation rate as $k\to\infty$. We state the lower bound in a design-dependent form -- with a design-weighted effective sample size -- valid for arbitrary observation times, and obtain the closed-form exponent in the dense (equispaced) regime. The matching upper bound is established at $k=0$ (rate $M^{-1/(d+1)}$, $d\ge3$) and, in a translation submodel, for all $k$; for $k\ge1$ a covariant estimator attains the rate conditionally on two estimates (a comparison-geometry bias bound and an optimal-transport map-estimation rate), leaving the unconditional general-$k$ upper bound as an open problem. Numerical experiments on synthetic curved and flat families corroborate the predicted exponents.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.07325
