Abstract
Purpose: Metrics derived from eye-gaze-tracking and pupillometry show promise for cognitive load assessment, potentially enhancing training and patient safety through user-specific feedback in tele-robotic surgery. However, current eye-tracking solutions' effectiveness in tele-robotic surgery is uncertain compared to everyday situations due to close-range interactions causing extreme pupil angles and occlusions. To assess the effectiveness of modern eye-gaze-tracking solutions in tele-robotic surgery, we compare the Tobii Pro 3 Glasses and Pupil Labs Core, evaluating their pupil diameter and gaze stability when integrated with the da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK). Methods: The study protocol includes a nine-point gaze calibration followed by pick-and-place task using the dVRK and is repeated three times. After a final calibration, users view a 3x3 grid of AprilTags, focusing on each marker for 10 seconds, to evaluate gaze stability across dVRK-screen positions with the L2-norm. Different gaze calibrations assess calibration's temporal deterioration due to head movements. Pupil diameter stability is evaluated using the FFT from the pupil diameter during the pick-and-place tasks. Users perform this routine with both head-worn eye-tracking systems. Results: Data collected from ten users indicate comparable pupil diameter stability. FFTs of pupil diameters show similar amplitudes in high-frequency components. Tobii Glasses show more temporal gaze stability compared to Pupil Labs, though both eye trackers yield a similar 4cm error in gaze estimation without an outdated calibration. Conclusion: Both eye trackers demonstrate similar stability of the pupil diameter and gaze, when the calibration is not outdated, indicating comparable eye-tracking and pupillometry performance in tele-robotic surgery settings.
Abstract (translated)
目的：来自眼动追踪和脉搏计量的指标在认知负荷评估方面具有潜力，可能在远程机器人手术中通过用户特定反馈提高培训和患者安全性。然而，与日常情况相比，当前的眼动追踪解决方案在远程机器人手术中的效果尚不确定，因为近距离交互导致极端瞳孔角和遮挡。为了评估现代眼动追踪解决方案在远程机器人手术中的有效性，我们比较了 Tobii Pro 3 眼镜和 Pupil Labs Core，评估了它们与 da Vinci 研究工具（dVRK）集成时的瞳孔直径和 gaze stability。方法：研究方案包括九个点位的眼动校准，然后使用 dVRK 进行选取和放置任务，接着重复三次。在最后一次校准之后，用户观看一个 3x3 的 AprilTags 网格，专注于每个标记物 10 秒钟，以评估 dVRK 屏幕位置下的 gaze stability，使用 L2 范数进行度量。不同的眼动校准评估了由于头部运动导致的校准时间衰减。瞳孔直径稳定性通过从瞳孔直径的 FFT 进行评估。用户使用带头戴的眼动追踪系统完成此日常任务。结果：从十名用户收集的数据表明，瞳孔直径稳定性相当。瞳孔直径的高频分量显示相似的振幅。尽管如此，Tobii 眼镜在时间上的 gaze stability 相比 Pupil Labs 更高，尽管两种眼追踪器在没有过时的校准时都产生了一个类似 4cm 的误差。结论：当校准不过时的情况下，两种眼追踪器表现出相似的瞳孔直径和 gaze 稳定性，表明在远程机器人手术环境中，它们的眼动追踪和脉搏计量性能相当。
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.13720
