Object_Detection
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Tracing Inputs, Verifying Outputs: Validating Attribution in Music Generation
2026-10-07 08:14:19Taejun Kim, Wonil Kim, Jongmin Jung, Hyeongseok Wi, Sangeun Kum, Keunhyoung Luke Kim, Taehyoung Kim, Dongjoo Moon, Seungsoon Park, Taewan Kim, Virginie Berger, Juhan Nam, Jongpil LeeAbstract
How can we verify whose music contributed to an AI-generated output? This paper demonstrates how input-based attribution can provide verifiable evidence of which audio sources were used in a generation and whether they shaped the output. To do so, we condition the generation solely on audio without any text input, then trace the inputs behind each output, and establish their musical effect. In prompt adherence tests and controlled input swaps, the stems generated by our generator, MixAudio, follow the prompt audio in timbre and the context audio in harmony. Yet these outputs may still reproduce training data not supplied as inputs. We therefore audit memorization with our musical version identification model, musicDNA, and find few reproductions outside the input records. On human-judged cases within the flagged pool, it achieves higher precision and recall than the other tested memorization detectors. The two evaluations suggest that input records and output analysis provide complementary evidence for attribution, on which rights-holder reporting and compensation can draw as the AI music economy takes shape. Audio examples are available at this https URL
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.09637
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LiG-DETR: Local-in-Global Reassembly in Latent Space for Aerial Object Detection
2026-10-07 06:07:37Yupeng Zhang, Fangzhuo Gao, Juntao Cheng, Ziyi Zhao, Liang Wan, Ruize HanAbstract
Aerial object detection faces substantial scale and density variations. Small objects are easily degraded by downsampling and feature compression, while medium and large objects require sufficient global context. Existing methods mainly follow two paradigms: image slicing provides clearer local evidence but relies on independent crop-level prediction and post-processing, whereas feature- and query-level optimization preserves unified inference but operates on already compressed full-image representations, limiting recovery of fine-grained information. This raises a key question: can aerial detection directly acquire high-fidelity local evidence before feature degradation and integrate it into a unified end-to-end framework? To this end, we propose LiG-DETR, an Efficient Global-Local Reassembly framework that reformulates image slicing as high-fidelity local feature acquisition. A shared encoder extracts global and locally magnified features, which are projected into the detector feature space. The projected local features are reassembled according to their original spatial locations to form a globally aligned local feature level, and a single DETR decoder jointly decodes global and local features. To reduce redundant computation, Context-Preserved Selective Reassembly focuses high-resolution encoding on informative regions while preserving a dense feature layout, and Density-Aware Adaptive Query Allocation adapts the decoder query budget using encoder proposal scores. Experiments show substantial gains on small and medium objects while retaining strong large-object performance, with favorable accuracy--efficiency trade-offs and improved cross-domain generalization. The code will be released.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.09511
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RT-DETR-World: Transferring Rich LLM Semantics to Real-Time Open-Vocabulary Detection
2026-10-07 06:01:35Yupeng Zhang, Ziyi Zhao, Juntao Cheng, Sheng Wang, Ningnan Guo, Ruize Han, Liang WanAbstract
Open-vocabulary detection (OVD) recognizes categories unseen during training through textual category queries, yet achieving strong generalization with real-time efficiency remains challenging. Beyond vocabulary scaling, zero-shot generalization may benefit from reusable visual--semantic cues learned from seen data, including attributes, actions, states, and contextual relations. Existing real-time OVD methods primarily emphasize vocabulary coverage and efficient region/query--text matching; under strict efficiency constraints, compact detectors may struggle to absorb rich instance semantics and scene context. We propose RT-DETR-World, a compact DETR-style detector that transfers the rich semantics conveyed by descriptions during training while retaining lightweight query--text matching at inference. We construct GroundingCapv2 with three levels of supervision: category names for standard OVD, object descriptions conveying instance-level semantics, and image descriptions conveying object relations and scene context. These descriptions serve only as training-time semantic supervision. To help the compact detector absorb these semantics, we propose Dual-Path Description Alignment (DDA), combining a deployment-consistent MiniLM pathway with a training-only LLM teacher. MiniLM provides query--category supervision and object-description alignment, while offline teacher features supervise matched queries and global visual representations at the object and image levels, respectively. All teacher features are precomputed, and the teacher-side modules are removed after training. We further propose Relation-Aware Negative Relaxation (RNR), which uses teacher-derived semantic similarities to relax related negatives while preserving exact positives. Experiments demonstrate competitive zero-shot accuracy and a favorable accuracy--efficiency trade-off. The code will be released.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.09502
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TMT: Runtime Backdoor Detection for Vision-Language-Action Policies on Unseen Tasks
2026-10-07 05:20:16Zirun Zhou, Jingfeng Zhang, HaoChuan Xu, Xizhe Zhang, Elliott Wen, Jing Sun, Hong JiaAbstract
Backdoored vision-language-action (VLA) policies can preserve benign task performance while producing malicious actions when a trigger appears. Detecting such activation is difficult because malicious behavior can comprise individually plausible actions, while unfamiliar tasks introduce legitimate changes in observations and behavior. We introduce TMT, a runtime backdoor detector based on Token Manifold and latent Transition modeling. Trained on benign rollouts, its two branches assess input-token structure and prediction errors in adjacent-layer latent dynamics. A suspicious rollout identified by the token manifold branch, once confirmed through latent deviations, guides transition selection for subsequent monitoring. We further explore policy purification through self-distillation: a frozen copy of the backdoored policy provides benign-input actions to supervise a student on paired benign and triggered observations, without requiring a separate clean reference policy. For evaluation, we adapt traditional backdoor detectors and repurpose anomaly and failure detection methods as VLA backdoor detectors. In a post-hoc comparison with ten baselines, TMT achieves state-of-the-art backdoor detection performance on unseen tasks across three VLA backdoor attacks. Our project page is available at this https URL.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.09462
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R-CNN-Based Chess Position Recognition
2026-10-06 22:42:22Paras Govind, Ognjen Arandjelovi\'cAbstract
Performing chess game position recognition solely from a single image of a three-dimensional board requires predicting the position and orientation of the board relative to the camera, the occupancy of squares and the piece type, which includes its colour. We propose an R-CNN-based framework with independent components for piece recognition and board geometry estimation, whose predictions are combined to reconstruct the position. For piece recognition, we adapt Faster R-CNN using a class-weighted objective and a deeper classification head. The detector operates directly on the input image, retaining alternative piece hypotheses that are subsequently refined using constraints on piece counts and square occupancy. For board detection, we introduce an octagonal arrangement of eight labelled boundary keypoints, predicted using the keypoint head of Mask R-CNN. These provide redundant correspondences for homography estimation and encode board orientation. The estimated homography maps representative points from the piece boxes to an 8x8 grid. On a synthetic dataset, the modifications to piece detection increase mean average precision from 61.59% to 90.14%. Of the predicted board keypoints, 97.11% are within 1% of the image diagonal of their labelled targets. Using ground-truth piece boxes with the predicted homographies gives correct square assignments for every test position. The complete framework recovers 76.61% of test positions exactly and 96.49% with at most one incorrect square.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.09191
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Constraint Tree Exploration for Learning from Language Feedback
2026-10-06 20:57:37Shaoang Li, Daniel R. Jiang, Jian LiAbstract
Natural-language feedback in interactive learning often explains why an action failed by pointing to violated requirements. Misinterpreting this feedback can lead an agent to rule out valid solutions. We study this setting by modeling user intent as latent constraints over an action space and formulating learning from language feedback as pure exploration over feasible regions. We introduce TRACE, an algorithm that organizes candidate constraints in a tree and tests each proposed refinement by generating actions that satisfy it. TRACE commits to the refinement only if the resulting feedback does not contradict it over repeated tests. We distinguish two ways of using the same feedback: (i) falsification, which detects contradictions to the constraint set currently being tested, and (ii) identification, which may additionally name a violated constraint. We prove high-probability coverage bounds with dependence on the candidate class size $H$ for TRACE-Falsification. With reliable identification, TRACE-Identification can replace this dependence by $K/p_{\mathrm{ext}}$, where $K$ is the number of latent constraints and $p_{\mathrm{ext}}$ lower-bounds the probability of extracting a missing true constraint from informative feedback. We evaluate TRACE across six language-feedback tasks. On RecMovie, TRACE-Identification achieves 73% and 86% final-output success under caps of 20 and 60 evaluated outputs, compared with at most 42% and 48% for the evaluated prompting baselines given the same feedback and output caps. Controlled identity-corruption experiments further show greater robustness than direct accumulation when the falsification detector remains reliable.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.09107
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Certification of Real Images through Calibrated Content Authentication
2026-10-06 20:04:11Sarim Hashmi, Abdelrahman Elsayed, Mohammed Talha Alam, Samuele Poppi, Nils LukasAbstract
Generative models can synthesize high-quality inauthentic multimedia content that is already being misused at scale. We evaluate twenty deepfake detectors against ten generators released in the last four years and find accuracy decreasing over time, from near-perfect 99.5% to 76%. Adversarial perturbations further reduce every baseline detector to below 2% accuracy, effectively inverting the detector's assigned label. We argue that this unreliability reflects a fundamental ambiguity: generators can reproduce authentic content exactly (e.g., through memorization), so content alone cannot reveal the true provenance label. For this reason, content produced by a generator must admit a faithful reconstruction by that same generator, and finding such a reconstruction makes synthetic provenance plausible and authenticity plausibly deniable. We therefore propose and evaluate a detection paradigm that outputs a calibrated prediction of whether authenticity is plausibly deniable: a faithful reconstruction by any known generator establishes plausible deniability, while calibration bounds how often content from known generators fails to be reproduced. Our evaluation shows that (i) our detector can be calibrated so that at most 1% of generated content is wrongly certified, an operating point at which most baseline detectors reach near-zero recall, including the strongest with 93% accuracy; (ii) calibrating a stricter security threshold on attacked samples preserves this bound against adaptive adversaries within the evaluated bounded-perturbation attack space, whose perturbations break every baseline, but does not cover arbitrary adversarial transformations; and (iii) post-hoc verifiability is eroding, as 1,116 of 3,000 Reddit images resist reproduction by a 2022 generator, but only 55 to 79 resist reproduction by 2024 generators.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.05870
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Post-Training Semantic Lifting for 3D Gaussian Splatting: Separating Detector, Lifting and Representation Error
2026-10-06 17:47:47Iv\'an Verdugo Guerra, Ezequiel L\'opez Rubio, Jorge Garc\'ia Gonz\'alezAbstract
The same Gaussian of a 3D Gaussian Splatting model is seen from many views, and these views do not always agree on the class it belongs to. The Gaussian may be occluded in some of them, and the confidence of the detector is not the same from one view to another. The ground truth, on the other hand, is given as an annotated mesh, because two training runs do not produce the same Gaussians. In this work, we propose a post-training lifting method that works with one target class at a time and combines the information coming from all the views. Target and non-target evidence are accumulated simultaneously, weighted by the visibility of each Gaussian in each view. After that, the Gaussians are filtered with two thresholds: a main threshold $\beta$ selects the high-confidence seeds, and a lower one $\gamma\beta$ adds the connected components around them. For the evaluation, the labels are transferred from the Gaussians to the mesh vertices that are both visible and annotated. With this design, we can separate three sources of error: the 2D detector, the lifting and the transfer between representations. The thresholds and the transfer operator are chosen on seven Replica validation scenes, and the method is evaluated on ten held-out ScanNet++ scenes with the same values for every scene and class. The mean mIoU on the validation scenes was 0.93 with masks from the dataset annotations and 0.65 with YOLO masks, and on the ScanNet++ test scenes it was 0.80 and 0.54. Compared with thresholding the evidence per view, as a previous version of the method did, the fraction improves the test mIoU by 0.24 and makes it possible to use a single threshold for all the classes and scenes of both datasets. Finally, the error analysis shows that most of the remaining error comes from the detector.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08756
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Forensic Reserve: Eliciting Latent Knowledge for Image Forgery Detection
2026-10-06 16:33:00Jiahua Li, Zixu John, Tom Zhong, Fuping Wu, Tianhao Xu, Jianqing Zheng, Yuanhan Mo, Fei ShenAbstract
As generated images become increasingly realistic, reliable forgery detection is essential for maintaining trust in visual information. However, existing methods primarily rely on task-specific supervision to adapt vision foundation model representations, without fully exploiting internal forensic knowledge to guide detection. To address this limitation, we propose Reserve-Guided Elicitation (RGE), a framework that treats sparse, origin-sensitive internal components in pretrained models as a forensic reserve and translates their localization into structural constraints for lightweight adaptation. Specifically, we first use the Forensic Lens (F-lens) to decompose activations across layers and token groups into independent components and globally screen them by their response differences between real and generated images, identifying reserve sites and directions. Next, we map the selected directions back to hidden-state space to construct fixed reserve subspaces and insert Forensic Reserve Adapters (FRA) only at the identified sites. Finally, with the backbone parameters, previously fitted reference classifier, and subspace bases fixed, we train only the FRA coefficient maps to generate input-dependent residual updates constrained to the corresponding subspaces, strengthening existing forensic responses. Using only 500 labeled training images and a trainable parameter budget below 0.2% of the backbone, RGE achieves competitive performance across three detection benchmarks without target-benchmark adaptation. Furthermore, RGE consistently improves over the corresponding frozen detectors across eight encoders spanning self-supervised and vision-language pretraining, eliciting a latent forensic capacity broadly shared across pretrained vision models.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08639
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Sparse2comm: Towards Robust Cooperative 3D Object Detection
2026-10-06 15:48:36Lei Yang, Boqi Li, Chunmian Lin, Li Wang, Ziying Song, Shaoqing Xu, Heye Huang, Haibao Yu, Chen LvAbstract
Cooperative perception improves autonomous driving by sharing complementary observations among vehicles and roadside infrastructure for 3D object detection. However, practical deployment is constrained by limited bandwidth and unreliable cooperation, where packet loss, transmission delay, and spatial misalignment jointly degrade the cooperative feature stream. Existing methods often reduce communication cost or compensate for one degradation type, leaving coupled disturbances insufficiently addressed. To address this problem, we propose Sparse2comm, a bandwidth-efficient and robust cooperative 3D object detection framework that treats unreliable cooperation as progressive restoration over degraded cooperative features. Sparse Feature Encoding first encodes communication as randomly mask-sampled foreground features transmitted by collaborating agents, from which the ego vehicle reconstructs dense semantic representations. This sparse-to-dense mechanism learns to infer missing object-centric content from sparse observations, enabling ultra-low-bandwidth communication and packet-loss recovery within the same representation. On the semantically restored features, Latency-Aware Alignment predicts motion flow to compensate delayed messages, and Self-Calibrating Fusion estimates residual spatial offsets in a self-supervised manner before adaptive cross-agent fusion. Sparse2comm therefore restores semantic completeness, temporal consistency, and spatial alignment in an ordered pipeline. Extensive experiments on DAIR-V2X, OpenV2V, and V2V4Real show that Sparse2comm maintains competitive clean accuracy and consistently improves robustness under individual and mixed real-world degradations. Compared with the selective feature communication baseline Where2comm, Sparse2comm improves mixed-setting AP@0.5/AP@0.7 by +20.15/+11.79, +12.66/+11.07, and +15.36/+12.61 on the three datasets, respectively.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08573
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RAG-PIBench: A Leakage-Aware Benchmark for Prompt-Injection Detection in Trustworthy RAG Systems
2026-10-06 15:47:47Niveen O. Jaffal, Ahmet Yuksel, David MohaisenAbstract
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems are vulnerable to prompt-injection attacks embedded in retrieved content. We introduce RAG-PIBench, a benchmark for RAG-style prompt-injection detection containing 4,876 contextual examples across frozen train, validation, and protected-test splits. Using a leakage-aware construction pipeline and strict evaluation protocol, we compare keyword-based, semantic-reference, TF-IDF, and transformer-based detectors. DistilBERT achieves the best protected-test performance (F1 = 0.896, PR-AUC = 0.968), while TF-IDF SVM and logistic regression remain competitive. Our results demonstrate the value of leakage-aware benchmark design and strong sparse baselines for reliable prompt-injection detection in RAG systems.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08571
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Digital Twin-Driven Real2Sim2Real: Simulator-Conditioned Generation via Paired Driving-Scene Reconstruction
2026-10-06 13:36:50Hojun Lim, Hyeongseok Jeon, Donghyun Kim, Soonyoung Jung, Heecheol YooAbstract
Camera-based 3D perception for autonomous driving relies heavily on large annotated datasets, and deploying such a system to a new target region typically requires data collection and annotation. Generative augmentation has been proposed to reduce this cost, but existing approaches face a fundamental trade-off: label-conditioned methods consume the very annotations they aim to replace, while simulator-conditioned methods offer free annotations but lack visual grounding to specific real environments. This work investigates the extent to which a digital-twin-driven Real2Sim2Real pipeline (DT-R2S2R) can substitute for target-region real data. By reconstructing recorded driving clips inside a georeferenced digital twin (DT-R2S), we condition a diffusion model on geometrically aligned simulator renderings, establishing a digital twin-grounded Sim2Real model (DT-S2R). As a result, DT-S2R synthesizes photorealistic driving images given low-cost yet georeferenced simulator data across both reconstructed and novel simulator scenes within digital-twin coverage. The efficacy of generated data is verified on diverse 3D detectors. DETR3D, especially, reports 93.18% of mAP obtained by a target-region real-data oracle, without employing target images for detector training. Furthermore, simple co-training with existing out-of-target real data outperforms the oracle. Thus, DT-R2S2R can substantially reduce the cost of manual on-site data collection and annotation in digital twin-available districts, providing a practical foundation for scaling 3D perception.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08339
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Catastrophic Forgetting in Sequential Thermal Anti-UAV Detection: The Role of Scale-Conditioned Gradient Imbalance
2026-10-06 13:18:10Khac Duc Giang Nguyen, Seyed Sahand Mohammadi Ziabari, Ali Mohammed Mansoor AlsahagAbstract
Counter-UAV systems based on thermal infrared detection must stay accurate as operational datasets evolve, yet sequential fine-tuning causes catastrophic forgetting of prior tasks, a problem that remains insufficiently characterized in this domain. This continual-learning study measures the stability-plasticity trade-off in YOLOMG, a YOLOv5-based detector run as a single thermal-infrared stream with the motion channel disabled, trained sequentially across three anti-UAV benchmarks of rising scale difficulty: Anti-UAV-RGBT, Anti-UAV410, and CST Anti-UAV. Naive fine-tuning on CST yields a Forgetting Measure of -0.605 against the Stage 1 ceiling, corresponding to a 90% capability loss, with -0.572 occurring in Stage 3 alone. In contrast, knowledge distillation from a frozen teacher is associated with FM = -0.033 +/- 0.004 across three seeds, corresponding to 95% retention. Because no Stage 2 no-KD control is included, this result establishes retention under KD training rather than a causal KD effect. Per-stratum analysis shows large-target detection collapsing to near zero within the first epoch, despite an inter-stage cosine similarity of 0.987 over the gradient-updated weights, pointing to scale-conditioned gradient imbalance, rather than weight drift, as a candidate mechanism. Scale-Stratified Herding (SSH), a 300-exemplar buffer balanced across four UAV size strata, roughly halves the forgetting (FM = -0.605 to -0.311) and keeps large-target detection non-zero. An ablation attributes the gain primarily to scale stratification rather than herding: random-stratified replay performs at least as well (FM = -0.221 versus -0.311 for SSH). These replay results are single-seed and should therefore be treated as preliminary.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08315
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RACE-FPP: A Robust AI-assisted Characterisation Enhancement for Fringe Projection Profilometry
2026-10-06 12:07:04Osman Ali (Manufacturing Metrology Team, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom), Xiangjun Kong (Manufacturing Metrology Team, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom), Tibebe Yalew (Manufacturing Metrology Team, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom), Waiel Elmadih (Taraz Metrology Ltd., Nottingham, United Kingdom), Samanta Piano (Manufacturing Metrology Team, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom)Abstract
Fringe Projection Profilometry (FPP) requires precise system characterisation to achieve reliable three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions; however, characterisation accuracy strongly depends on robust checkerboard feature localisation, which can deteriorate under challenging imaging conditions such as lens blur and characterisation target orientations. Existing deep learning-based corner detectors are typically assessed using detection metrics and camera reprojection error alone, without considering their wider impact on projector characterisation, camera-projector stereo characterisation consistency, or overall measurement accuracy. In this work, we introduce a complete FPP characterisation pipeline that incorporates deep learning-based corner detection into the standard camera characterisation workflow. We also characterise the projector by sampling phase values at the centres of the white squares in the characterisation target. Rather than treating corner detection as an isolated task, the proposed framework explicitly analyses how localisation errors propagate throughout the entire FPP characterisation chain. Performance is evaluated using detection metrics (e.g., precision and recall), camera and projector reprojection errors, and the camera and projector stereo characterisation. Across a mixed dataset of clean and degraded images, the camera reprojection error is reduced from 1.237 pixels to 0.259 pixels, while the projector reprojection error is reduced by roughly 50%. Dimensional evaluation of reconstructed artefacts shows improved geometric accuracy compared with those resulting from the conventional pipeline. Overall, the findings indicate increased robustness of system-level characterisation under challenging imaging conditions, thereby enabling more reliable industrial FPP measurements.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08213
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Supermarket Product Detection and Recognition: Utilizing Deep Learning with Rectified Imagery
2026-10-06 10:44:33Mayank Sah, Jimson MathewAbstract
Product Identification has sprung up to become one of the most challenging problems in the automation of the retail industry. With the new industry 5.0 standards, automated inventory management, and catalog creation tasks are vitally important. Object identification models have emerged as a viable answer with their unprecedented identification and localization accuracy. However, the close-knit rack design of supermarkets generates the problem of angle variation in capturing images. The angle-variant densely packed images(a single image contains many objects) become overwhelming for these models alone. In this paper, we try to supplement object detection models with traditional Hough transform (HT) and homogeneous estimation concepts. We study the effect of rectified images using homography estimation and hough transform and their limitations on the problem of grocery identification. We make a case for creating a new dataset to test the effects of such rectification and produce analytical results on different scenarios of angle variation and object densities per image. Extensive experiments on different object detection models suggest that image rectification of angled images improves the detection accuracy of grocery products in images. The results also highlight the limitation of rectification on the angle of image capture and the object density of the image.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08126
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M3SunAgent: Monocular 3D Spatial Understanding Agent for Metric Depth Estimation and 3D Visual Grounding
2026-10-06 08:45:25Jinsong Zhang, Kejun Wu, Ming Zhu, Renjie Qiao, Chengtao Cai, Zhengguo LiAbstract
Monocular metric depth estimation and 3D visual grounding represent the two complementary cornerstones of monocular 3D spatial understanding (M3Sun), from which the fundamental 3D spatial information required by M3Sun can be acquired. However, these complementary tasks are generally conducted by separate frameworks, which pose challenges of inflexible and unaligned spatial information access for embodied intelligence systems. In this paper, we propose a unified agent for monocular 3D spatial understanding (M3SunAgent) that leverages a large language model (LLM) as a task planner for spatial visual programming, which flexibly generate structured programs and coordinate tools. For instance-level metric depth estimation task, M3SunAgent invokes an object detector tool to locate the target, estimates depth at selected points with a depth estimation tool, and aggregates these predictions into an instance-level depth estimate. We also construct the M3Sun Instance (M3SI) dataset, a benchmark with 2,910 samples for evaluation. For monocular 3D visual grounding task, M3SunAgent uses a vision-language model (VLM) tool to locate the target and output basic spatial attributes, then combines back-projection tool with a dimension-lifting tool to predict its 3D bounding box. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of M3SunAgent. Specifically, in evaluations of instance-level monocular metric depth estimation, M3SunAgent achieves the best performance among all compared models, 52.61% of predicted instances are distributed below depth error 0.25 ($\delta < 0.25$). In evaluations of monocular 3D visual grounding, M3SunAgent demonstrates overall competitive performance than vision and VLM models, reaching a 3D mean intersection over union (mIoU) of 41.73% and exceeding the state-of-the-art MonoVLM model by 3.62%.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07982
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CCDF: A Benchmark Dataset for Deepfake Detection in Real-World Surveillance Footage
2026-10-06 08:13:10Baptiste Chopin, Thomas Swearingen, Arun Ross, Antitza Dantcheva, Christian RathgebAbstract
Due to rapid advances in Generative AI, commercial video generation tools can be used to produce fabricated surveillance footage that can fool both human viewers and automated synthetic video detectors. Since these tools are so widely accessible, a malicious user can create a harmful video clip at minimal cost. The production and dissemination of such videos in high-stakes settings, such as crime reporting and elections, can misdirect emergency response efforts or distort political discourse. Existing deepfake video datasets, used by the research community to develop deepfake detection algorithms, exhibit two limitations: (1) they emphasize benign web content rather than footage of possibly malicious activity, and (2) they rely on older or open-source generators that do not represent recent advances in generative systems. We assemble CCtv DeepFakes (CCDF), a video deepfake dataset, to address both gaps. CCDF contains 1840 videos (460 real and 1380 generated) spanning 16 crime and accident categories, with generated content produced using three leading commercial systems: Grok Imagine, Google VEO 3.1, and OpenAI Sora 2. CCDF is a highly realistic, small-scale, manually annotated dataset targeting evaluation of detection models. We release three versions of the dataset: the raw generated data, a cleaned version in which video metadata are standardized between real and synthetic samples to prevent detectors from exploiting trivial cues, and an altered version simulating low-effort post-processing attacks. We evaluate CCDF with ten recent state-of-the-art detectors covering different detection approaches. Our results suggest that these approaches do not reliably distinguish CCDF's generated videos from real ones, despite their strong reported performance on existing datasets. These results further confirm that existing datasets are not well-suited to evaluating certain threats.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07939
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Towards benchmarking Western Bluebird detection in the wild
2026-10-06 05:56:05Estela Monserrat Arriaga Santana, Julian Rosas Scull, Ibeth P. Alarc\'on, Bibiana Montoya, Aylin Sosa Mej\'ia, Hugo Jair EscalanteAbstract
Bird monitoring in natural environments is challenging due to the small size of some species of birds relative to the scene, background clutter, variability in illumination, and the observers' viewpoint. Progress is further limited by the scarcity of large-scale, realistic datasets, which are essential for understanding behavioral patterns. To address this gap, we introduce a new benchmark dataset for the detection and segmentation of Western bluebirds (Sialia Mexicana), comprising over 6,000 labeled images from 41 recording sessions. The dataset features high-resolution (4K) in-the-wild images in which birds occupy only a small fraction of the image. We evaluated supervised detectors, open-vocabulary models under zero-shot and fine-tuned settings, and segmentation approaches. Supervised detectors remain the most reliable overall, with Faster R-CNN achieving the highest detection mAP and RT-DETR offering the best precision-recall trade-off. Open-vocabulary models perform poorly in zero-shot settings; however, fine-tuning substantially improves their performance, with YOLO-World becoming competitive with supervised methods and achieving the highest precision, F1-score, and mAP@0.5. For segmentation, supervised methods significantly outperform Grounded-SAM and SAM 3: Mask R-CNN achieves the highest mask mAP, while YOLOv8-Seg provides the best precision and fastest inference. A diagnostic analysis further shows that failures are not explained by object size alone, but by a combination of apparent scale, brightness, contrast, clutter, blur, crowding, and recording-session variation. Overall, our findings highlight the difficulty of zero-shot bird detection in cluttered ecological scenes and underscore the importance of domain adaptation in small-object settings.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07802
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Reading, Not Manipulating: Leveraging Router Logits for Multimodal Safety in MoE Vision-Language Models
2026-10-06 05:09:02Ziyuan Yang, Wenxuan Ding, Shangbin Feng, Yulia TsvetkovAbstract
Vision-language models (VLMs) face compositional safety risks where harmful intent emerges from the interaction between visual and textual inputs. As mixture-of-experts (MoE) VLMs become increasingly common, recent work has explored various safety interventions, including prompting, supervised fine-tuning, and routing-based expert steering. However, these methods show inconsistent improvements across models and evaluation distributions, and the intervention into model behavior or internal states introduce safety-utility tradeoffs by over-refusal. Rather than manipulating internal states to steer model behavior, we instead ask whether routing states can serve as diagnostic signals for multimodal safety. We find that router logits indeed provide highly predictive signals of whether a multimodal input is safe or not. Motivated by this observation, we introduce a lightweight router-logit safety detector that reads out routing signals during prompt prefill and identifies unsafe requests before generation, without modifying model parameters or expert routing. Across Qwen3-VL and Kimi-VL, the proposed detector substantially reduces safety errors on the HoliSafe benchmark and resoundingly generalizes to out-of-distribution safety benchmarks featuring different safety patterns, including MISHard and MM-SafetyBench. The success of the proposed router-logit detector also suggests a broader perspective on model internals: rather than focusing only on manipulating internal components to steer behavior, simply reading naturally emerging signals and linking them to an external safety mechanism can provide a simple, effective, and non-intrusive complement to existing safety interventions.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07774
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What Frame-Level Labels Can and Cannot Do for Small-UAV Point Detection in Thermal Video
2026-10-06 03:58:26Wonbin Son, Gyumum Choi, Junil Seo, Hyungjoon KimAbstract
The growing use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has increased the importance of image-based UAV detection. Learning-based detectors are trained on imagery and annotations, with annotation type determining the information available during training. We focus on learning localization from frame-level target presence/absence labels when sensor or scene changes make spatial annotations for additional training burdensome. We analyze the detection capability, learning behavior, and potential applications of an existing architecture for point detection of small UAVs, trained with presence/absence labels and requiring no external detector. The architecture freezes spatial features learned through classification and trains a readout with the same frame labels to produce spatial score maps and point detections. On two thermal infrared datasets, CST Anti-UAV and Anti-UAV410, we evaluate localization hit rates and detection rates under false-alarm constraints, analyze the effects of training stages, label allocation, synthesis, and model configuration, and compare with bounding-box detectors. We also explore potential applications on Airborne Object Tracking (AOT) using its visible-light imagery and frame labels. Classification training strengthened target-related spatial responses, while readout training helped extract them consistently. Distributing similar label counts across more videos yielded higher localization hit rates, while synthesis effects varied by dataset and evaluation criterion. Higher localization hit rates did not always improve detection under false-alarm constraints, and failures remained when target signals were weak relative to background variation and under cross-dataset transfer. These findings provide guidance on label allocation, spatial representations and readouts, synthesis, and false-alarm control.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07705
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