Super_Resolution
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From Pixel Generation to Topological Inference: Structural Dual Super-Resolution for Trustworthy Cross-Physical-Domain Trabecular Morphology Learning
2026-09-29 05:09:30Fan Zhang, Yi Zhang, Ling WangAbstract
Clinical CT and UHRCT cannot resolve individual trabeculae, whereas synchrotron radiation microCT (SRuCT) provides high-resolution references but is not applicable for in vivo imaging. The two domains differ by a 32x resolution gap, are only coarsely paired, and exhibit severe physical differences including partial volume effects, noise, and artifacts. Existing super-resolution networks and pretrained-prior methods (GLEAN/StyleGAN2, Stable SR/LDM) underperform because they target pixel generation---diverse details and SSIM/PSNR---and do not model these physical differences. Pixel generation for a 32x resolution gap is intrinsically ill-posed. We propose a paradigm shift from pixel generation to topological inference: deterministically predicting invariant microstructures from macro-scale low-resolution inputs, evaluated by morphological parameters. The core of our 2D morphology learning lies in training on 2D slices while evaluating on 3D morphological parameters, ensuring that the learned representations capture true three-dimensional trabecular topology rather than 2D pixel statistics. We realize this paradigm via structural dual super-resolution, coupling forward physical degradation (micro-to-macro) with inverse structural inference (macro-to-micro) through structural duality constraints. The method is an end-to-end, few-shot, compact structural dual network (SDN), comprising a bidirectional modeling network, a multi-scale structural consistency discriminator, and four structural duality constraints. On the test set, SDN achieves morphological parameters largely consistent with SRuCT across six metrics, with SSIM reaching 0.8. Trained on 3.2 um SSRF data, the model generalizes well to 3.25 um isotropic BSRF data from an independent source, validating cross-source generalization and confirming trustworthy structural inference rather than pixel generation.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.34716
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PLSR: Progressive and Localized Super-Resolution of 3D Objects via Localized Latent Voxel Diffusion
2026-09-25 10:53:50Yuxin Liu, Minshan Xie, Jiawen Liang, Runsong Zhu, Chi-Wing Fu, Tien-Tsin WongAbstract
High-resolution 3D asset generation is vital in various 3D applications. Existing state-of-the-art diffusion-based models remain constrained by fixed resolutions, limiting their ability to produce details. In this paper, we tackle the challenge of generating more detailed, higher-resolution 3D objects by introducing a 3D super-resolution (SR) framework built on existing 3D generative foundation models. To this end, we design PLSR, a progressive and localized super-resolution solution to achieve this goal effectively and memory efficiently. Technically, given a coarse geometry from a pretrained 3D generator, we decompose the global SR task into localized sub-tasks via an associative input decomposition scheme, adapt a flow-based 3D generator into a localized super-resolution model through low-cost finetuning, and unify them in an iterative patch-wise denoising pipeline for seamless high-resolution output. Experiments on challenging objects show that our approach is able to generate 3D details with new strong fine-detail fidelity while significantly reducing the computational cost, offering a new and practical solution for high-resolution 3D asset generation.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06436
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PhoenixSR: Generative Heterogeneous Distillation Unleashes Efficient Models for Real-World Super-Resolution
2026-09-25 08:34:32Xin Di, Mingyu Shi, Yuanfei Bao, Long Peng, Yue Zhao, Jiaming Guo, Renjing Pei, Xueyang Fu, Yang Cao, Zheng-Jun ZhaAbstract
Real-world image super-resolution (SR) requires recovering perceptually realistic high-resolution images from complex low-resolution observations while preserving faithful content. Diffusion-based SR benefits from strong generative priors but incurs substantial computational overhead, whereas feed-forward CNN and Transformer SR models are efficient yet often struggle to recover realistic high-frequency details. This motivates a natural question: can diffusion priors be transferred to existing diffusion-free SR networks without introducing diffusion components at inference time? To this end, we propose PhoenixSR, a generative heterogeneous distillation framework that transfers diffusion priors to independently designed feed-forward SR networks through score-based distribution matching. Rather than aligning heterogeneous features or imitating sampled diffusion outputs, PhoenixSR uses the pretrained diffusion model as distribution-level supervision, while paired SR supervision preserves reconstruction fidelity. To make distribution matching effective for fidelity-sensitive SR, we introduce Heterogeneous Distribution Adaptation, which adapts the target score to the SR domain, improves tracking of the evolving student distribution, and anchors training with paired supervision. We further employ Directional Reliability Weighting, a lightweight residual-consistency-based reweighting strategy that reduces unstable distributional guidance. All diffusion-related components are removed after training, leaving the original student architecture and inference cost unchanged. Experiments on three SR benchmarks and six feed-forward backbones, including SwinIR, HAT, Real-ESRGAN, and SeeMoRe, show consistent perceptual improvements with largely preserved reconstruction fidelity.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.30988
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TOLA: Text-aware One-Step Latent Adaptation for Diffusion-based Text Image Super-Resolution
2026-09-24 08:48:10Yike Xu, Yue Shi, Yong Guo, Jiezhang CaoAbstract
Text image super-resolution (TSR) aims to recover visually faithful and readable text under unknown degradations. Existing diffusion-based methods typically rely on multi-step prediction of either the high-resolution image or its text prior, resulting in prohibitive computational cost and inference latency. More critically, an erroneous text prior may be repeatedly injected into the denoising process, causing image and text predictions to reinforce each other and progressively amplify an early recognition error into a sharp yet semantically incorrect character. To address these limitations, we propose TOLA, a Text-aware One-step Latent Adaptation framework without iterative image-text diffusion. TOLA consists of two key modules. First, a confidence-weighted text conditioning module constructs the semantic condition only once and suppresses unreliable OCR predictions before they contaminate image reconstruction. Second, a lightweight latent residual correction module explicitly estimates and corrects the structured residual errors to recover missing or distorted stroke details. Extensive experiments demonstrate our state-of-the-art performance across all evaluation metrics on both CTR-TSR-Test ($\times 4$) and RealCE-200 benchmarks. It is worth noting that our TOLA consistently surpasses existing diffusion-based TSR methods by at least 2.72 dB in PSNR on CTR-TSR-Test.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.29240
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Super-Resolution of Solar Magnetograms via Adaptive Stratified Ensemble Learning with Uncertainty Estimation
2026-09-22 22:46:31Sina Norouzi Kandalan, Haodi Jiang, Jason T. L. Wang, Qin LiAbstract
Single-image super-resolution of Sun's photospheric magnetograms enables consistent analysis across heterogeneous space-based instruments and supports long-term studies of solar magnetic field evolution. We address the super-resolution task from SOHO/MDI (low-resolution) to SDO/HMI (high-resolution) line-of-sight (LOS) magnetograms using a modified RRDBNet architecture initialized by ESRGAN pretrained weights. Through systematic per-image diagnostic analysis, we identify image complexity as the dominant predictor of reconstruction errors. To exploit this finding, we introduce an adaptive stratified specialist ensemble (SSE) of three specialist networks with uncertainty estimation, where each specialist network is trained by images from three different complexity strata using a weighted random sampling strategy. During inference, a lightweight router based on input image statistics assigns each test image to the appropriate specialist network. Our experimental results demonstrate the good performance of the proposed ensemble and its superiority over closely related methods.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27131
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ASTRA-SR: Atmospheric Seeing and Turbulence Restoration for Astronomical Image Super-Resolution
2026-09-22 17:22:02Xining Ge, Ziteng Cui, Shuhong LiuAbstract
Ground-based planetary imaging suffers from atmospheric turbulence, sensor noise, and limited sampling, making restoration a joint denoising, deblurring, and super-resolution problem. We present ASTRA-SR, a blind single-frame restoration framework trained on a physics-grounded synthetic dataset. High-dynamic-range spacecraft RAW observations serve as clean sources, and paired LR inputs are synthesized using measured layer-integrated turbulence strengths, propagated moving phase screens, exposure-averaged spatially varying PSFs, and sensor this http URL-SR first estimates a noise-suppressed but blur-retaining LR image, then restores spatial structure through multiscale processing and reconstructs HR detail with serial spatial-amplitude refinement. It yields a 0.49 dB foreground PSNR gain over the strongest baseline approaches.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.26731
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Directional Total Variation-Regularized Implicit Neural Representations for Continuous Super-Resolution in Degraded Imaging Domains
2026-09-21 21:30:17Mahmoud Saeedi KelishamiAbstract
In this paper, we introduce the Directional Total Variation-Regularized Implicit Neural Representation (DTV-INR), an advanced variational paradigm that synergistically integrates coordinate-driven implicit neural networks with an anisotropic, structure-tensor-informed total variation regularizer tailored for resolution-agnostic image super-resolution. Casting the continuous-to-discrete acquisition process into an ill-posed inverse problem framework, our formulation equips a SIREN-architected coordinate network with a dynamic Riemannian metric tensor field D(x). By leveraging its spectral decomposition, the proposed regularizer preferentially directs diffusion parallel to dominant structural contours while penalizing cross-edge dissipation, successfully circumventing the classical staircasing artifacts inherent to scalar total variation schemes. We rigorously prove the well-posedness of this formulation in H^1(Omega) by establishing the existence, uniqueness, and metric stability of the variational minimizer, and realize this via an alternating projected optimization algorithm that decouples network parameter tuning from adaptive tensor field updates. Comprehensive experiments conducted on clinical brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biomedical transmission electron microscopy confirm substantial quantitative and qualitative improvements, yielding PSNR enhancements reaching +5.05 dB over baseline unregularized INRs and +1.71-2.85 dB over isotropic TV-INR across continuous (non-integer) upsampling factors, alongside remarkable noise robustness up to sigma_eta = 0.10 and monotonic preconditioned convergence behavior.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.25429
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Uncertainty-Aware 3D Residual Wavelet Diffusion for Ultra Low-Field MRI Super-Resolution
2026-09-21 19:10:14Rui W. Yeow, Millie Beament, Fred Dick, Raha Razin, Martina Bocchetta, David L. Thomas, Henry F. J. Tregidgo, Daniel C. Alexander, James H. ColeAbstract
Ultra low-field MRI expands global access to neuroimaging but produces scans with low signal-to-noise ratio, reduced contrast, and thick slices. While regression-based super-resolution can recover anatomical detail for segmentation, it returns a single deterministic estimate that gives no indication of regions where the low-field input leaves anatomy underdetermined. Generative diffusion models offer an alternative by sampling the posterior distribution of plausible high-field images, quantifying this anatomical ambiguity. However, applying them to 3D whole-brain MRI is restricted by memory bottlenecks, slow sampling, and scanner domain shifts. We propose a 3D residual wavelet diffusion model that combines three ideas to overcome these hurdles. A lossless wavelet reparameterisation shrinks the spatial grid to fit a whole brain on a single GPU, residual shifting accelerates sampling by starting from the low-field input, and domain randomisation promotes scanner generalisation without paired training data. As the high-field reference is not a voxel-aligned ground truth, we evaluate downstream volumetric agreement. On a healthy cohort (n=19) imaged at 0.064T and 3T, our method matches a leading general-purpose regression approach in volumetric accuracy while additionally generating per-voxel uncertainty maps highlighting underdetermined regions. Furthermore, on a pilot dataset (n=11) of participants with cognitive impairment, disease-relevant atrophy is preserved rather than normalised towards a healthy prior. Our framework brings whole-brain posterior sampling to low-field super-resolution without sacrificing volumetric accuracy.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.25319
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P2Flow: Phoneme-aware Progressive Flow Matching for Extreme Speech Super-Resolution
2026-09-21 05:47:28Ningyuan Yang, Yize Li, Pu Zhao, Diego A. Cuji, Kanad Sarkar, Ryan M. Corey, Xue Lin, Andrew C. SingerAbstract
Generative models have recently demonstrated considerable promise in speech super-resolution (SSR). Nevertheless, the majority of existing work has concentrated on standard or versatile SSR configurations, leaving the extreme setting with severely limited spectral inputs largely unexplored. In this regime, current approaches exhibit marked performance degradation, underscoring the need for dedicated solutions. To bridge this gap, we introduce P2Flow, a phoneme-aware progressive flow matching (FM) framework designed for extreme SSR with three main strategies. First, our model leverages phonetic information to reconstruct missing spectral components. Furthermore, it employs a progressive architectural design that hierarchically restores distinct frequency regions. Finally, we incorporate post-training of the vocoder to enhance overall waveform fidelity. Extensive experiments are conducted on the TIMIT and VCTK datasets under both 1 kHz to 16 kHz and 2 kHz to 16 kHz settings, demonstrating that P2Flow yields state-of-the-art results across multiple evaluation metrics.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.24138
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C$^{2}$-INR: Customized Convolutional Implicit Neural Representation
2026-09-19 06:17:17Jinglei Shi, Xinran Chang, Jiaqi Cui, Yingjie Xia, Zhaolin Xiao, Chongyi LiAbstract
Implicit Neural Representation (INR) leverages neural networks to represent discrete signals such as images as continuous ones, where the network weights serve as a compact form of the signal itself. Most existing INR methods adopt Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs) as their backbone. Since these models render each pixel independently, they inherently fail to exploit the spatial correlations that exist between neighboring pixels. In contrast,convolutional INRs can process pixels in parallel while inherently accounting for inter-pixel dependencies, making them a more natural fit for representing images. Nevertheless, convolutional INRs remain relatively underexplored, and the majority of them rely on fixed architectural settings, leaving little room for image-specific adaptation. In this paper, we investigate network customization for convolutional INRs. We replace conventional filters with irregular directional kernels, whose allocation is guided by the directional energy in the image spectrum, i.e., directions exhibiting stronger energy are assigned a larger number of kernels, enabling content-tailored convolution settings. These kernels are further reformulated via an orthogonal basis to achieve a superior sparse representation. Moreover, we introduce an annealed Gumbel-Softmax-based mechanism for kernel-level activation function selection, which gives the most suitable activation function for each convolution kernel. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method, namely C$^{2}$-INR, achieves superior performance against state-of-the-art approaches under comparable parameter budgets across a wide range of image processing tasks, including representation, inpainting, and super-resolution.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22807
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Walking the Score Manifold: Continuous-time Generative Dynamics on Learned Data Manifolds
2026-09-15 22:42:24Jan Tauberschmidt, Brian B. Moser, Stanislav Frolov, Andreas Dengel, Andrew B. Duncan, Sebastian J. VollmerAbstract
Generative modeling of time-dependent data is typically formulated on a discrete temporal grid, restricting supervision to the observed timestamps in the training data. We instead frame generation as continuous-time evolution on a learned data manifold. To this end, we leverage pretrained score-based models as geometric priors and learn a vector field that evolves data along score-induced interpolation paths. Because these dynamics follow transitions that respect the geometry learned by the score model, they support generation at arbitrary timestamps and temporal super-resolution beyond the discretization of the training data. Moreover, this geometric formulation allows us to train the vector field simulation-free through a regression objective. To improve long-horizon rollout robustness, we introduce an objective that promotes path-relative transverse exponential stability. While motivated by stability theory, it admits a practical interpretation as denoising score matching transverse to the interpolation path. Further, we extend the framework to a probabilistic setting that models a distribution over plausible future trajectories. We demonstrate the method on natural video and scientific dynamical data, including temporal super-resolution, PDE-based spatiotemporal fields, and molecular dynamics. Our results show that score-based priors provide a strong foundation for learning stochastic continuous-time generative dynamics.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.17901
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DNF-SR: Dual-Input and Negative-Aware Feature Fine-Tuning for Real-World Image Super-Resolution
2026-09-14 06:53:22Shuhao Han, Wenjie Liao, Hayden Vance, Hang Dong, Rui Zhang, Chun-Le Guo, Chongyi LiAbstract
Benefiting from the powerful generative priors of diffusion models, diffusion-based real-world image super-resolution (Real-ISR) methods have demonstrated impressive this http URL achieve efficient Real-ISR, several recent works have designed one-step diffusion-based this http URL, unmediatedly feeding LR into a diffusion model creates a distributional gap with the model's original input.A straightforward approach to reduce the distribution gap is to introduce noise to the LR latents. However, directly adding noise inevitably corrupts the content of the LR this http URL this study, we propose DNF-SR, a Dual-input and Negative-aware Feature fine-tuning method for this http URL, we use a dual-input strategy that concatenates the original LR image with the noisy LR input and feeds them into a diffusion-based image editing model, ensuring both high-fidelity one-step super-resolution and improved perceptual and content this http URL, the noise present in the noisy LR input introduces randomness and diversity into the outputs. We exploit this property and propose a post-training optimization method, Negative-aware Feature Fine-Tuning (NF2T), which guides the model toward producing higher-quality this http URL^2T classifies multiple outputs into positive and negative subsets and then defines implicit policy improvement directions in both the image and feature spaces, thereby further enhancing the stability of the this http URL experiments show that DNF-SR outperforms other this http URL will be released.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.15120
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AlayaVista: Streaming World Modeling from Panoramic States to Perspective Video
2026-09-13 12:13:51Jiaming Tan, Mingliang Zhai, Zhen Li, Yuwei Wu, Chuanhao Li, Kaipeng ZhangAbstract
Interactive video world models must maintain broad scene context under camera motion while producing high-fidelity observations with low latency. Existing approaches face a representation trade-off: perspective models operate on local views and must preserve off-screen content over long rollouts, whereas broader spatial coverage is typically obtained by synthesizing full-sphere videos or constructing explicit 3D representations. Motivated by the complementary roles of global context and selective local acuity in visual perception, we present AlayaVista, a camera-controllable streaming video world model that decouples panoramic world evolution from perspective observation synthesis. Given a single perspective image, AlayaVista constructs a 360-degree scene prior using a pretrained panorama expansion model and then evolves the scene as a camera-conditioned panoramic latent state. A latent viewport renderer maps this state to the requested perspective video latents, while a perspective refiner restores details, suppresses artifacts, and performs super-resolution. To support efficient streaming, we adapt the panoramic generator to chunk-autoregressive generation and distill both panoramic generation and perspective refinement into few-step processes. To provide the supervision required by this design, we construct MUGEN, a large-scale real-world panoramic video dataset containing 1,318 hours of videos at resolutions of at least 4K, together with rich semantic and geometric annotations.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.14462
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Guided Super-Resolution of Digital Elevation Models with Diffusion-Based Image Generators
2026-09-10 17:49:49Armand Mihai Nicolicioiu, Dominik Narnhofer, Nando Metzger, Daniel Panangian, Ksenia Bittner, Konrad SchindlerAbstract
High-resolution digital surface models (DSMs) play an important role in urban analysis, 3D building reconstruction, and infrastructure monitoring, yet their availability remains limited due to the high cost and complexity of data acquisition. In contrast, coarse DSMs from commercial satellite missions are widely accessible, and high-resolution optical imagery is increasingly available from aerial and satellite platforms. We address the resulting mismatch in spatial resolution and propose a DSM superresolution approach that enhances 5 m DSMs to 0.5 m resolution, using guidance from high-resolution spectral images. Our method employs denoising diffusion to transfer information that is visible only in the image, like crisp outlines and detailed roof structures, into the elevation maps. In this way, surface details are reconstructed more accurately than with conventional interpolation or filtering techniques. Experiments on several cities in Central Europe demonstrate that the proposed approach produces high-quality DSMs with improved structural detail and accurate surface geometry. Our results highlight the potential of guided super-resolution with foundational image priors as a means of reconstructing high-resolution surface models.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11886
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CEM-TUDASR: Computationally efficient multi-modality transformer based unsupervised domain adaptive super-resolution approach
2026-09-10 08:10:00Anjali Sarvaiya, Jay Kadel, Kishor Upla, Kiran RajaAbstract
Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) enables non-invasive visualization of the gastrointestinal tract, but its miniaturized optics, sensor limitations, and wireless transmission constraints result in low-resolution images with reduced visibility of diagnostically important structures. This paper proposes CEM-TUDASR, a computationally efficient unsupervised Transformer-based super-resolution framework for WCE image enhancement without paired low-resolution (LR) and high-resolution (HR) training data. A domain-adaptive degradation network synthesizes realistic WCE-like LR images from HR conventional endoscopy images, reducing the domain gap and enabling effective unpaired learning. The SR generator integrates Deep Attention Blocks (DABs) and a Fusion Attention Block (FAB) to capture long-range contextual dependencies and fine local structures while preserving perceptual and structural fidelity. The model is trained on a curated dataset derived from Kvasir Capsule and evaluated on KID and GIANA for cross-dataset generalization. No-reference quality metrics, including BRISQUE, PIQE, NIQE, and the domain-specific EndoQM, show that CEM-TUDASR consistently outperforms existing unsupervised SR methods. Qualitative results further demonstrate improved restoration of mucosal textures, vascular patterns, and clinically relevant anatomical details. Cross-domain experiments on retinal images additionally demonstrate the adaptability of the framework. With only 2.67 million parameters and 169.94 GFLOPs, CEM-TUDASR achieves high-quality reconstruction while maintaining computational efficiency, making it suitable for resource-constrained clinical and embedded endoscopic applications.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11201
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FreeTransformSR: Efficient Lightweight Image Super-Resolution via Free Low-Rank Learnable Transform
2026-09-10 07:46:23Hongji Li, Yunhui LiAbstract
Single image super-resolution aims to reconstruct high-resolution images from low-resolution inputs. This paper proposes FreeTransformSR, a novel lightweight super-resolution network based on a channel-wise free low-rank learnable transform. The transform learns task-adaptive basis functions in a data-driven manner, enabling adaptive feature modulation with minimal parameter overhead. To further enhance high-frequency detail recovery, we introduce a local feature modulation branch that complements transform-domain processing with depthwise convolution. In addition, a soft complexity adaptive module dynamically fuses the outputs of local convolution and window self-attention branches through a lightweight gating network, adaptively adjusting the fusion ratio based on regional texture characteristics. An adaptive intensity modulation strategy is also incorporated to adjust transform-domain response strength at the sample level, enabling the network to dynamically adjust processing intensity according to input features. Extensive experiments on five benchmark datasets demonstrate that FreeTransformSR achieves competitive PSNR/SSIM performance with significantly fewer parameters and FLOPs. Specifically, FreeTransformSR achieves 32.41 dB on BSD100 x2 and 27.00 dB on Urban100 x4 with only 595K parameters, while delivering faster inference speed than competing methods, making it well-suited for deployment in resource-constrained scenarios. Source code is available at: this https URL.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.05912
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Symmetry-aware super-resolution of crystal orientation maps via invariant latent-space learning
2026-09-09 23:03:05Umang Garg, Warren Zamudio, McLean P. Echlin, Samantha H. Daly, Tresa M. Pollock, B. S. ManjunathAbstract
Crystal-orientation maps are physical fields defined only up to crystal symmetry; electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) resolves them experimentally, but acquisition-time constraints limit spatial resolution. Unlike conventional images, EBSD data lie on the quotient space $\mathrm{SO}(3)/G$, where $G$ is the crystal-symmetry group. Standard Euclidean interpolation can therefore mix symmetry-equivalent representations and blur grain boundaries. We introduce the Symmetry-Group-Aware Super-Resolution Attention Network (SG-SRAN), which incorporates crystal symmetry and boundary preservation by design. A frozen, locally isometric encoder maps equivalent orientations to a common latent representation in which Euclidean distance approximates misorientation. Super-resolution is performed in this space, with each high-resolution token restricted to a feature-consistent local support to prevent cross-boundary mixing. A dictionary-based decoder then recovers valid orientations. Across FCC and HCP benchmarks, SG-SRAN matches 15-16 million parameter backbones using only 27-49k trainable parameters, while achieving the lowest p68 errors, highest inverse-pole-figure fidelity, and zero-shot transfer to unseen alloys.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.10898
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SA-Profile: Automated Sulcus Angle Profiling from Super-Resolution MRI
2026-09-09 13:01:59Michael Wehrli, Leo Widmer, Edwin Li, Noel Fiechter, Lorenzo Pettinari, Sidaty El Hadramy, Carol C. Hasler, Philippe C. CattinAbstract
Trochlear dysplasia (TD) is an abnormality of the femoral trochlea associated with anterior knee pain and patellar instability. The sulcus angle (SA) is used to assess trochlear morphology, but it is typically measured on a single axial MR slice with no clear guidance on which to select, making it sensitive to slice selection and landmark placement. We propose an automatic framework for continuous SA profiling from super-resolved MR volumes. Clinically acquired axial, coronal, and sagittal MR scans are combined using implicit neural representations to reconstruct a high-resolution volume. SA measurements are computed across the trochlear region using two landmark detection U-Net models. The approach was evaluated on the public fastMRI dataset and a small in-house cohort of patients with TD. Compared with conventional manual single-slice SA measurements, the proposed automated method yielded a mean absolute error of 11.6$^\circ$ while providing continuous characterization of trochlear morphology. Population-level analysis demonstrated distinct mean SA profiles between the public cohort and the in-house TD cohort, highlighting the potential of profile-based assessment to characterize TD. By reducing reliance on a single manually selected axial slice, the proposed framework extends conventional SA assessment to a continuous profile-based description of trochlear morphology without additional imaging, while remaining conceptually linked to current clinical assessment. Further validation is required. The code is available: this https URL.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.10125
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SkNeXt enables topology-guided neuronal reconstruction from petabyte-scale microscopy data
2026-09-09 07:39:42Jiayi Ding, Hu ZhaoAbstract
Recent advances in high-resolution fluorescence and electron microscopy have enabled nanoscale imaging across increasingly large brain volumes, but the resulting terabyte- to petabyte-scale datasets make complete neuronal reconstruction prohibitively expensive in computation, data movement, and manual proofreading. Here, we present SkNeXt, a topology-first framework for scalable neuronal reconstruction from large volumetric microscopy datasets. Instead of densely processing entire image volumes, SkNeXt first converts neuronal morphology into compact SWC skeletons that preserve long-range connectivity. Proofreading is therefore focused on sparse neuronal trees, allowing branch, continuity, and connectivity errors to be corrected before high-resolution reconstruction. The corrected skeletons then serve as persistent structural priors for recovering detailed morphology while preserving neuronal identity and topology. Crucially, SkNeXt also uses neuronal skeletons as spatial indices for selective data access, retrieving high-resolution image regions only along reconstructed trajectories and bypassing most background and signal-free volumes. This substantially reduces I/O and computational overhead, allowing reconstruction cost to scale with neuronal morphology rather than total dataset size. Using SkNeXt, we reconstructed neurons from a petabyte-scale super-resolution fluorescence dataset of the mouse brain on a single GPU within one week, without requiring exhaustive dense inference across the complete imaging volume.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.09832
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Frequency Estimation Based on SNR-adaptive Frequency Estimator Under Wide SNR Range
2026-09-07 04:43:34Hee-Yang Jung, Dong-Hee Paek, Woo-Jin Jung, Seung-Hyun KongAbstract
Frequency estimation is the problem of estimating individual tone frequencies from noisy multi-tone sinusoidal signals. Existing frequency estimation methods have difficulty accurately estimating both the number of tone frequencies and the individual tone frequencies in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments, because weak tone frequency components are buried in noise. In addition, existing methods generally exhibit a trade-off between robustness at low SNR and frequency estimation precision at high SNR, making it difficult to achieve consistently superior frequency estimation performance over a wide SNR range. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes an SNR-adaptive frequency estimator (SAFE). SAFE consists of a time-frequency image neural network (TFINet), which enhances weak tone frequency components at low SNR, and an SNR-based frequency selector (SFS), which selects an appropriate frequency estimator according to the SNR of the estimated tone frequencies. TFINet enhances tone frequency components even in the low-SNR range, while SFS estimates the SNR of each tone frequency and selects either a robust frequency estimator or a super-resolution frequency estimator according to the estimated SNR. This enables SAFE to achieve robustness at low SNR while preserving high precision at high SNR. Simulation results show that SAFE achieves an False Negative Rate (FNR) of 13.00% over the SNR range from -10 dB to 0 dB, corresponding to an 13.04% improvement over the state-of-the-art method. In addition, SAFE reduces the Nearest Neighbor-Root Mean Squared Error (NN-RMSE) by 56.67% compared with the state-of-the-art method, demonstrating that SAFE performs more accurate frequency estimation. Furthermore, experiments using real-world data demonstrate that SAFE provides robust frequency estimation performance even in practical environments with clutter.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.07034
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