Abstract
The rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) has exposed significant deficiencies in risk governance. While ex-ante harm identification and prevention have advanced, Responsible AI scholarship remains underdeveloped in addressing ex-post liability. Core legal questions regarding liability allocation, responsibility attribution, and remedial effectiveness remain insufficiently theorized and institutionalized, particularly for transboundary harms and risks that transcend national jurisdictions. Drawing on contemporary AI risk analyses, we argue that such harms are structurally embedded in global AI supply chains and are likely to escalate in frequency and severity due to cross-border deployment, data infrastructures, and uneven national oversight capacities. Consequently, territorially bounded liability regimes are increasingly inadequate. Using a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, this paper examines compensation and liability frameworks from high-risk transnational domains - including vaccine injury schemes, systemic financial risk governance, commercial nuclear liability, and international environmental regimes - to distill transferable legal design principles such as strict liability, risk pooling, collective risk-sharing, and liability channelling, while highlighting potential structural constraints on their application to AI-related harms. Situated within an international order shaped more by AI arms race dynamics than cooperative governance, the paper outlines the contours of a global AI accountability and compensation architecture, emphasizing the tension between geopolitical rivalry and the collective action required to govern transboundary AI risks effectively.
Abstract (translated)
人工智能（AI）的迅速普及揭示了风险管理治理方面的显著缺陷。虽然事前危害识别和预防已经有所进步，但负责任的人工智能研究在处理事后责任方面仍不够充分发展。关于责任分配、责任归属以及补救效果的核心法律问题尚未得到充分理论化和制度化，尤其是在跨国界伤害和超越国家管辖范围的风险领域。基于当代人工智能风险分析，我们认为此类损害结构性地嵌入全球AI供应链中，并且由于跨境部署、数据基础设施以及各国监管能力的不均衡，它们可能会在频率和严重程度上增加。因此，基于领土边界的责任制度变得越来越不足以应对这些挑战。 本文采用比较性和跨学科的方法，审视疫苗伤害计划、系统性金融风险治理、商业核能责任以及国际环境体制中的高风险跨国领域中补偿和责任框架，提炼出可应用于人工智能相关损害的严格责任、风险共担、集体风险管理及责任渠道转移等法律设计原则，并强调将这些原则应用到AI相关危害时可能面临的结构性限制。鉴于当前国际秩序更倾向于由AI军备竞赛动态塑造而非合作治理，在这篇论文中我们勾勒出了一个全球性的AI问责和补偿架构，突出地缘政治竞争与有效管理跨境人工智能风险所需的集体行动之间的紧张关系。
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.12646
