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Melodic contour does not cluster: Reconsidering contour typology

2026-04-13 13:27:46
Bas Cornelissen, Willem Zuidema, John Ashley Burgoyne, Henkjan Honing

Abstract

How to describe the shape of a melodic phrase? Scholars have often relied on typologies with a small set of contour types. We question their adequacy: we find no evidence that phrase contours cluster into discrete types, neither in German or Chinese folksongs, nor in Gregorian chant. The test for clustering we propose applies the dist-dip test of multimodality after a UMAP dimensionality reduction. The test correctly identifies clustering in a synthetic dataset, but not in actual phrase contours. These results raise problems for discrete typologies. In particular, type frequencies may be unreliable, as we see with Huron's typology. We also show how a recent finding of four contour shapes may be an artefact of the analysis. Our findings suggest that melodic contour is best seen as a continuous phenomenon.

Abstract (translated)

URL

https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.13119

PDF

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.13119.pdf


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