Abstract
Composed image retrieval (CIR) searches a corpus with a reference image and a text describing how to modify it. Despite rapid progress from triplet-trained compositors to zero-shot and generative methods, essentially all systems share one assumption: that a query maps to a single target, scored by Recall@K against one annotation. We argue this is fundamentally at odds with the task. A query such as make it more formal does not name an image but a region of the corpus, and which member the user intends is genuinely underdetermined. This underspecification is the root of the well-known false-negative problem and leaves current models unable to tell a precise query from an ambiguous one. We reframe CIR as calibrated intent resolution under uncertainty: a retriever is wrapped in a conformal prediction layer that returns a candidate set with a coverage guarantee and whose size is a principled measure of ambiguity; when the set is large, an expected-information-gain policy asks the single most useful clarifying question, drawn from interpretable ambiguity axes, and the set contracts. We introduce AmbiCIR, a benchmark and human-validated user simulator that revive the dormant auxiliary and dialogue annotations of CIRR and extend the multiple-positive setting of CIRCO. Across open-domain and fashion benchmarks our method matches single-turn state of the art, confirming calibrated resolution is cost-free on precise queries, while reaching the intended target in a fraction of the interaction budget required by naive conversational baselines, and it is the first to report valid coverage and calibration for the task.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24634
