Abstract
Large language models are undergoing a transition from model technology to system technology. As developers use Codex, Claude Code, AutoGPT, and related agents to write code, manage projects, and execute multi-step tasks, recurring engineering problems such as cache reuse, context management, agent scheduling, and permission control increasingly resemble classical computer systems problems. This paper develops that analogy as a visionary survey. We map concepts from computer architecture to the emerging model-native stack and review work on LLM-as-OS, memory management, agent frameworks, tool protocols, multi-agent coordination, cognitive architectures, and safety governance. We argue that these strands address different layers of the same system but lack a unified model. To fill this gap, we propose the Intelligent Computing Architecture Model (ICAM), a six-layer framework for model-native computing with explicit interface contracts and design axioms. ICAM resolves the apparent tension over whether an LLM is more like a CPU or an operating system through a dual-plane view: a probabilistic execution plane concerned with what can be computed, and a deterministic control plane concerned with what should be computed. We further introduce three design laws: the Semantic Locality Law for KV-cache reuse and inference speedup, the Context Budget Law for effective working sets under finite windows and attention decay, and the Agent Speedup Law for diminishing returns in multi-agent collaboration. We validate these laws against published system-level data and relate them to recent evidence on agentic software practices. We conclude by identifying where the analogy breaks down and outlining a research roadmap for model-native computing. This is a conceptual and survey contribution; it does not report new experiments.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.00288
