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From Parameters to Behaviors: A Survey of Model Fusion for Large Language Models

2026-09-17 01:24:23
Shuo Cai, Yanggan Gu, Zihao Wang, Yuanyi Wang, Yibo Yan, Wenjun Wang, Yuhang Liu, Guanghao Zhu, Sirui Huang, Ming Li, Hongxia Yang
arXiv_CL
           
Abstract

Model fusion integrates the capabilities from source models into a single target model. As of June 2026, Hugging Face hosts more than 2M models. This growing pool provides a rich base for model reuse and capability integration. Yet existing surveys often cover only separate parts of this space, and they do not provide a unified definition or a systematic taxonomy. This survey defines model fusion and organizes prior work into three levels: parameter-level, representation-level, and behavior-level fusion. We also review related metrics, benchmarks, and applications, summarize current challenges, and identify future directions. Our goal is to provide a clear map of this area and support future work on model fusion. A comprehensive list of papers about model fusion is available at this https URL.

Abstract (translated)

URL

https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19553

PDF

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.19553.pdf

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