Abstract
Omni-modal large language models integrate text, audio, and image signals into a shared residual stream, where concepts such as emotion can be linearly decoded and causally modified by activation steering. A common but rarely tested assumption is that the layer with the highest probing accuracy is also the best layer for steering, so injection layers are often selected by probe performance. We provide the first causal test of this assumption across three independently developed omni-modal models and find that it fails. Reading and intervention rely on different layers, a phenomenon we call the probing-steering layer dissociation. Using emotion as a controlled testbed, we measure layer-wise readability and steerability across text, audio, and image inputs. Probe-best layers vary widely across architectures, while steering-effective layers consistently fall within a narrow mid-to-late range of normalized depth. Paired random-direction controls show an approximately 26-fold causal gap, ruling out random perturbation and direction quality as explanations. Logit-lens analysis reveals a staged forward process: causal handle, probing saturation, and vocabulary commitment, and motivates a two-factor account in which steering effectiveness depends on both representational readability and downstream plasticity. These results show that probing accuracy is a poor heuristic for selecting intervention layers and suggest a cross-architecture mid-to-late selection criterion. We also identify a cross-modal emotion subspace organized by valence and arousal, with joy acting as a stable anchor across models. Code and data: this https URL.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22135
