Abstract
Effective LLM tutoring depends on correctly identifying the specific error in a student's reasoning before generating feedback. We study this problem in propositional-logic proof tutoring, where student actions can be checked against formal inference rules. We introduce a verifier-grounded architecture that separates diagnosis from language generation. Using 600 balanced student actions, we compare a zero-shot LLM detector, a fine-tuned detector, and a symbolic verifier. Each diagnosis is processed by shared rationale and feedback agents, isolating the effect of the initial diagnosis. The zero-shot detector achieves a macro-F1 of 0.191; fine-tuning raises this to 0.709 but retains systematic errors between structurally related classes. Rationales generally preserve the diagnosis supplied to them, showing that an incorrect diagnosis can be faithfully propagated through the pipeline. Feedback can likewise remain faithful to its rationale, non-revealing, and pedagogically appropriate while addressing the wrong error. Verifier-grounded feedback achieves the highest diagnostic correctness, and expert ratings largely uneven with the automatic feedback evaluations. These findings show that apparent feedback quality can conceal upstream diagnostic errors and that faithfulness must be evaluated separately from correctness. Our code is publicly available
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22553
