Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being integrated into hardware verification to automate specification interpretation, verification-artifact generation, debugging, formal reasoning, and tool orchestration. This survey provides a systematic review of LLM-assisted hardware functional verification across SystemVerilog assertion generation, stimulus and testbench generation, bug localization and design repair, model checking and equivalence checking, SAT/SMT optimization, and emerging agentic verification workflows. We organize the literature by methodology, verification objective, tool interaction, benchmark, and evaluation criterion, and examine both inference-time techniques--including prompting, retrieval, structured reasoning, and agentic workflows--and training-time adaptation. Across these areas, a common pattern emerges: LLMs are most effective as semantic reasoning, search, and orchestration components embedded within verification-aware workflows, while simulators, formal engines, coverage tools, and solvers provide executable feedback and correctness evidence. However, tool acceptance alone does not establish verification correctness, since assertions, tests, repairs, or proofs may satisfy available checks without faithfully capturing the complete design intent. We therefore identify semantic alignment between specifications and verification evidence, scalable integration with deterministic tools, generalization to unseen designs, and rigorous evaluation of correctness, cost, robustness, and human effort as key challenges. Finally, we discuss emerging directions toward specification-centered, neuro-symbolic, and persistent agentic verification systems that combine LLM flexibility with independently checkable verification evidence.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.10580
