Abstract
Labeled Sentinel-1 Ground Range Detected (S1GRD) datasets remain scarce, limiting supervised deep learning for land-surface remote sensing, while self-supervised pretraining for this domain has been dominated by Vision Transformer (ViT)-based masked image modeling requiring substantial data and compute. We propose SparK-SAR, a sparse convolutional masked pretraining framework built on SparK and ConvNeXt, designed to exploit convolutional inductive biases for S1GRD imagery under constrained compute. SparK-SAR makes three core technical contributions: (i) ConvNeXt-RS, a domain-adapted encoder that halves the stem stride (4x to 2x) to produce 14x14 feature maps at stride 16x, providing 4x more spatial tokens at identical parameter count; (ii) a lightweight ConvNeXt-512 reconstruction decoder with PixelShuffle upsampling that reduces pretraining VRAM by 7.5-8.5% per GPU relative to a UNet-128 baseline while matching its accuracy; and (iii) an empirical characterization of FP16 mixed-precision pretraining instability in the standard SparK UNet-768 decoder on S1GRD data, complemented by a finding that finetuning with layer-wise learning rate decay (LLRD) improves downstream performance of pretrained encoders. On four Copernicus-Bench S1GRD tasks, our finetuned 27.8M-parameter ConvNeXt-RS encoder improves over a non-pretrained baseline by +4.7, +5.0, +5.8, and +1.4 pp on EuroSAT-S1, BigEarthNet-S1, DFC2020-S1, and Flood-S1 respectively, and outperforms the Copernicus-FM ViT (139M parameters, frozen) on three of four tasks at roughly 5x fewer parameters. A pretraining data-scaling study reveals task-dependent data efficiency: classification saturates with as little as 10-25% of the SSL4EO-S12 v1.1 corpus, while dense prediction continues to improve significantly up to 25-50%. The study also includes a CKA representation analysis and a geographic de-collision experiment.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.21993
