Abstract
Floor traction influences wheel-slip behavior, dead-reckoning accuracy, and the navigation performance of wheeled mobile robots that rely on wheel odometry. As these robots become increasingly common in GNSS-denied indoor environments, including automated manufacturing and retail facilities, their onboard measurements could also be used to characterize floor conditions and improve localization. In this study, a skid-steer robot was driven over five floor surfaces with distinct traction characteristics using commanded velocity profiles designed to induce wheel slip through repeated acceleration and direction reversal. Differences between the body velocity estimated from inertial sensing and the velocity obtained from wheel odometry were evaluated using the integrated relative-velocity error, phase-derived wheel-to-body response delay, and velocity-reversal response delay. Welch power spectral density analysis was additionally applied to characterize the frequency distribution of the velocity mismatch during positive and negative acceleration. Band-integrated spectral power, spectral centroid, and spectral decay rate were extracted from each recording and evaluated using linear discriminant analysis and multiclass classification. The response-delay measurements produced consistent surface-dependent trends, with the longest delays observed on soap and the shortest delays observed on carpet. The spectral features also provided clear separation among the tested surfaces, achieving a balanced classification accuracy of 97.1% under recording-level cross-validation. These results demonstrate that both the magnitude and frequency domain characteristics of wheel-to-body velocity mismatch contain useful information about tire-surface interactions. Such information could support surface recognition and the development of slip-aware wheel-odometry weighting within robot state-estimation frameworks.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33735
