Abstract
Skill optimizers adapt an agent to long-horizon tasks, such as repairing a terminal environment, by rewriting its skill, a natural-language procedure in its context, and keeping the edits that raise success on a small dev set. On such tasks success is noisy, so a gain on a small dev set does not show that an edit helps, and a success score does not show what the edit costs. We introduce BiPA, which replays an optimizer's acceptance rule on candidates identical to its seed to measure what selection alone reports, and records each episode as a bipartite graph of turns and the text they read to trace extra input tokens to the behavior behind them. Across three optimizers, three agentic benchmarks and two models, the learned skills succeed about as often as their hand-written seed, 0.1 points higher on average. Their dev gains vanish on test: keeping the best of several candidates on at most 30 tasks reports gains this large even when none changed. They read about 16% more input tokens: the optimizers almost always add rules, half to re-check work and some to act one call at a time, and the agent follows them as extra turns, each re-sending the whole conversation. Four principles follow: accept an edit only if its gain exceeds what selection alone reports; charge it for the turns it adds, not for its length; let the editor delete and merge rules; show it what earlier rules cost. Code is available at this https URL.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.37201
