Dialog
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CultureConverse: A Multilingual Multi-turn Simulation Harness for Culturally Grounded Assistance in East and Southeast Asia
2026-08-28 14:56:46Bryan Chen Zhengyu Tan, Weihua Zheng, Thong T. Doan, Bich Ngoc Doan, Jia Wang Peh, Xiaoyuan Yi, Jing Yao, Xing Xie, Nancy F. Chen, Zhengyuan Liu, JinYeong Bak, Wafi Shamdi, Soo Kai Chie, Liew Yu Siong, Aina Azyyati Binti Mohamad Rezal, Lew Yan Yan Vanessa, Huadan Wu, Dylan Raharja, Nadya Yuki Wangsajaya, Akane Fukushige, Kazushi Kato, Koji Inoue, Tatsuya Kawahara, Jaehyung Seo, Dongjun Kim, Seungyoon Lee, Zi Haur Pang, Rui Yang Tan, Charibeth Ko Cheng, Maria Regina Justina Estuar, Jann Railey Montalan, Pham Minh Duc, Roy Ka-Wei LeeAbstract
Current cultural evaluations for large language models (LLMs) often reduce culture to single-turn factual recall via MCQs, failing to capture a common use case: users seeking practical help over multiple turns in culturally grounded scenarios. We introduce CultureConverse, a scalable, multilingual simulation and evaluation harness for culturally grounded assistant dialogue that covers 10 East and Southeast Asian regions, 58 subgroup identities, and 7 domains. Each simulated and evaluated episode produces a scored interaction where the assistant assists the user and infers cultural constraints from partial information. The resulting CultureConverse-DS dataset contains 14,610 benchmark (evaluation) episodes and 274,295 oracle-guided (gold-mode) dialogues. In our benchmark evaluation of 18 models, GPT-5 mini achieves the highest assistance quality. Human annotation experiments suggest that our evaluation framework is a sufficient proxy for human judgment. Performance gains from fine-tuning on 27,860 high-quality CultureConverse-DS samples improve in-domain assistance and transfer out-of-domain to cultural MCQ and safety classification benchmarks. We release the harness, both splits, and judge prompts to support interactive evaluation of cultural competency.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28405
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Predicting Turn-Taking Outcomes in Multi-Party Conversation: Interpretable Modelling of Speech and Gaze Dynamics with Interpersonal Closeness
2026-08-28 06:57:54Mark Dourado, Karim Haddad, Henrik G. Hassager, Stefania SerafinAbstract
Smooth speaker transitions are fundamental to effective conversation and rely on an interlocutor's ability to predict when to enter the conversation. This ability depends on accurately interpreting and expressing the verbal and non-verbal cues that signal when a speaker wishes to take or relinquish the floor. The process becomes even more complex in noisy, natural, multi-party settings, with multiple interlocutors available. This study models how gaze and speech, together with perceived interpersonal closeness, signal conversational floor changes in free four-person dialogue. Using the GaMMA corpus, we trained logistic regression models using interpretable, behaviourally motivated features extracted before each turn-taking event to classify floor-transfer outcomes as gaps or overlaps. Predictors included gaze features such as transition motifs and behavioural contrasts, entropy, gaze-based addressee identity, and mutual gaze, alongside speech features derived from speaker loudness, as well as perceived interpersonal closeness (IOS) between speakers. Results show that gaze features capture predictive structure, and that combining them with loudness improves performance (ROC AUC = 0.76 +- 0.04). Loudness reflected speaker control, while gaze dispersion and addressing indexed listener readiness and competitive entry. Performance remained robust across noise conditions, indicating that gaze provides a complementary, noise-resilient cue to turn-taking dynamics.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.27988
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Entity-Memory Graph Retrieval Improves Evidence Coverage in Long-Conversation Question Answering
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Entity-Memory graph retrieval keeps dialogue turns as verbatim Memory nodes, links repeated mentions through shared Entities, and connects adjacent Memories with directed chronological edges. At query time the retriever moves from Entity gating through semantic fusion and one-hop chronological recovery to dense backfill. The path can keep a neighboring Memory that dense cosine ranking would otherwise omit. A matched dense control shares the Memory and query vectors, context budget, requested answer protocol, and evaluator, isolating graph structure from changes to the reader. On 1,986 questions from ten LoCoMo conversations, graph retrieval raises official evidence recall at top-k 25 from 79.7468% to 84.4842%. The recall advantage is supported from top-k 5 to 50, while no matched cutoff supports an overall final-answer F1 difference. Four paper-eligible requested configurations support empirical robustness across the tested GPT-3.5 and DeepSeek extractors on both outcomes. Embedding robustness is mixed: F1 has no supported contrast, but recall is sensitive to the embedding artifact. The comparison isolates a retrieval-coverage gain from graph structure. It does not establish a final-answer F1 gain, model or embedding equivalence, or cross-dataset generalization.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.27925
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First Make It Playable, Then Make It Good: Staged Interaction Learning for Small Dialogue-Game Agents
2026-08-27 19:58:06Syed Mahbubul Huq, Pranava MadhyasthaAbstract
We present Qwen-GuidePlay-2B, a 2B-parameter language model for dialogue-game interaction. We fine-tune Qwen3.5-2B using three steps: a) SFT on only successful game trajectories from Playpen, b) weighted turn-level SFT, and c) teacher-guided SFT. The teacher model (which is a larger model) is only used to fix formatting and evaluate examples, but does not create new gold actions. Our final model scores 57.12 clemscore and 42.68 statscore on the public Playpen validation. In the officially released challenge results, our model obtains the second-highest Playpen clemscore delta among submitted systems (which is approximately +36 over its base model). Our findings suggest that imitating full trajectories helps with playability, while turn-level and teacher-guided training usually improve decision-making and increase the overall score. Alternative procedurally heavy approaches like replay-repair and hard-example mining did not help, which suggests that small models are performant simply by using careful curation strategies rather than aggressive changes. We make available both the model and the code for reproducibility.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.27672
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When Text Misleads: Inconsistent-Aware Reasoning for Audio-Grounded Dialogue
2026-08-27 14:26:46Yen-Ju Lu, Yuzhe Wang, Yaohan Guan, Xiluo He, Jiarui Hai, Mingrui Liang, Kaavya Chaparala, Thomas Thebaud, Laureano Moro-Velazquez, Najim Dehak, Jesus VillalbaAbstract
Understanding spoken dialogue requires joint reasoning over lexical content and paralinguistic acoustic signals such as emotion and conversational intent. However, existing evaluations often allow shortcuts based on transcripts or single-modality solutions, obscuring whether models genuinely ground predictions in speech. We formalize this failure mode as cross-modal disagreement, where transcripts suggest plausible but incorrect surface interpretations while acoustic cues such as prosody or speaking style support different answers. We develop a scalable framework that identifies text-biased surface interpretations and converts disagreement regions into conflict QA examples. We also include consistent cases where transcript-based and speech-grounded interpretations agree, enabling evaluation beyond adversarial audio dependence. This results in ContraTalk, a controlled benchmark containing 501 questions across five discourse dimensions: interaction behavior, emotion state, dialogue act, social stance, and conversational intent. We further develop an agentic-style reasoning framework that converts speech into an Audio Twin, a text-readable representation of localized acoustic cues that exposes acoustic evidence to the reasoning model. Experiments show that strong text-only LLMs exceed 90% accuracy in consistent cases but drop to 33-48% in conflict cases. Direct AudioLLMs provide only partial grounding, still selecting the transcript-biased trap in roughly 30-40% of conflict cases. Our Audio Twin framework improves conflict-case accuracy while reducing trap selection, but its consistent-case behavior remains backbone-dependent. These results identify transcript-based shortcuts as an important failure mode in spoken dialogue understanding and show that explicit acoustic evidence aggregation provides a more controllable interface for diagnosing and improving speech-grounded reasoning.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.27176
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MACGen: Toward Functionally Correct and Secure Code Generation via Multi-Agent Collaboration
2026-08-27 12:32:52Miseon Yu, Jaehoon Choi, Younghan Lee, Yunheung PaekAbstract
Despite their strong ability to generate code, large language models often fail to produce secure code, as their outputs frequently contain security vulnerabilities. Secure code generation is inherently challenging because it requires solving a multi-objective problem: functional correctness and security. Existing approaches address this challenge by injecting external security knowledge or by using agentic feedback and iterative refinement. However, guideline retrieval often leaves the generator to translate generic advice into task-specific secure implementations, while shared-dialogue multi-agent feedback can blur role boundaries and suffer from context bloat. We present MACGen, a multi-agent framework that integrates planning, security analysis, code synthesis and refinement to jointly optimize security and functionality. A planner constructs a step-by-step plan to satisfy functional requirements. A security advisor identifies likely CWEs and synthesizes task-specific guidelines, a coder then generates code grounded in these artifacts, and a reviewer issues perspective-separated feedback. Rather than sharing full dialogue histories, each agent receives only structured artifacts from upstream stages, enforcing role specialization and reducing uncontrolled context growth. On CWEval and BaxBench, MACGen improves F&S@1 over direct prompting by 19.61 and 10.57 percentage points (pp) on average, respectively.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.25457
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Beyond Reflection: Affirmation as a Promising Behavioral Marker Associated with Quality in Text-Based Counseling
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While AI-assisted text-based counseling is gaining attention, it remains empirically unclear which counselor behaviors are associated with higher dialogue quality. Existing research often focuses heavily on Reflection, borrowing frameworks from Motivational Interviewing. To address this gap, we conduct a multi-layered analysis using KokoroChat, a large-scale Japanese text counseling dataset conducted by professional counselors and trainees, newly annotated with counselor strategy tags and client distress levels. Our results show that, under the quality indicators used in this study, Affirmation is more consistently associated with session quality than Reflection among the analyzed strategies. Cross-dataset transfer experiments further suggest that this quality signal can be observed to some extent on ESConv, an English dataset with non-expert supporters. These findings provide empirical implications for counselor training and emotional support system design. We release the additional KokoroChat annotations and experimental source code at this https URL.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.26689
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Do LLMs Understand Personality? Rethinking Persona Fidelity Evaluation through Structured Behavioral Inference
2026-08-27 06:27:51Mengfan Li, Zesheng Wei, Xuanhua Shi, Yang DengAbstract
As large language models are increasingly deployed to simulate diverse human characters, ensuring persona fidelity, defined as the extent to which an agent's behavior consistently reflects the psychological and stylistic characteristics of a target persona, has become a critical requirement. However, existing evaluation paradigms primarily rely on either holistic LLM-based judges, which are prone to "holistic appraisal hallucination'', or static psychometric inventories, which fail to capture the context-dependent fidelity required in dynamic dialogue. To address these limitations, we propose PRISM (Persona Reasoning with Inverse SFL-based Modeling), a psycholinguistically grounded framework that reformulates persona fidelity evaluation as a structured inverse inference task. Inspired by Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), PRISM decomposes persona fidelity into three functional dimensions: Task Framing, Interpersonal Stance, and Linguistic Style. It estimates dimension-specific evidence over a persona-conditioned label space and aggregates these signals into an interpretable and auditable evaluation process. Experiments show that PRISM yields more accurate and stable judgements than traditional holistic judging, providing a more reliable framework for persona fidelity evaluation.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.26674
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Multi-Expert Conformal Risk Control for Pairwise LLM Judging in Open-Ended Dialogue
2026-08-27 02:03:27Ming Cheng, Yusheng Dai, Qiuhong Ke, Zhaolin Chen, Lizhen QuAbstract
In this paper, we explore multi-expert Conformal Risk Control (CRC) algorithms for pairwise LLM-as-a-Judge evaluation in open-ended dialogue. Our core insight is that multi-expert aggregation offers a complementary remedy to CRC: whereas CRC controls risk at the decision threshold through abstention, aggregation sanitizes the scoring function at its source. Guided by this, we first design two multi-expert CRC methods: Score Averaging and Decision Voting, which aggregate at the score and decision levels, respectively. While both strategies outperform single-expert methods on homogeneous expert panels, on heterogeneous LLM judges they remain risk-valid but recover only limited coverage, because a uniform threshold cannot match the experts' distinct scoring scales. To resolve this issue, we further propose Marginal-Calibrated Conformal Consensus (MC3): it captures distinct per-expert scales via initial threshold ratios, while jointly tuning a unified decision function $C_t(x)$ applied identically in both calibration and test, thereby preserving exchangeability. To evaluate our framework, we construct Panel, a 1,800-pair human pairwise-preference benchmark for open-ended dialogue. It is built on responses generated by four open-weight LLMs over dialogue contexts from three domains (ESConv, MSC, DREAM), with full logit access. In experiments, we find that both Score Averaging and Decision Voting substantially improve accuracy and acceptance rate on homogeneous panels. Notably, MC3 extends these gains to heterogeneous panels by accommodating distinct per-expert scoring scales across all three datasets.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.26529
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SpeechGym: An Audio-Native Gym for Training Voice Agents via Reinforcement Learning
2026-08-26 22:16:05Jiajun Fan, Jingyuan Li, Prashanth Gurunath Shivakumar, Jia-Hong Huang, Qi Luo, M. Maruf, Ivan Bulyko, Ge Liu, Roger RenAbstract
Voice agents must call tools and hold multi-turn dialogue entirely through speech, yet the dominant paradigm trains them in text. Existing frameworks either cascade TTS and ASR around a proprietary voice API, where gradients cannot flow and per-call cost makes on-policy reinforcement learning prohibitive, or stay in text: they measure voice agents but cannot improve them. We present SpeechGym, an audio-native agentic environment in which two omni-modal models converse in native audio, with no external ASR or TTS and no API boundary, over the unmodified tasks, tools and success check of an established text agentic benchmark, so that the interaction modality is the only variable and the loop stays local and trainable end to end. Audio agentic capability does not follow from audio understanding. The failures speech introduces are perceptual rather than reasoning deficits: the agent picks the right tool and the right argument slot but fills it with a value misheard from the waveform, and that single error cascades into a failed call, a retry of the same call, and a wasted step budget. A second failure is behavioural: under an insistent caller the agent performs an unauthorised write and ends the episode believing it helped. Both are trainable, because the environment labels them for free: a call with a misheard argument fails against the database while a correct one succeeds. The obstacle is sparsity, not signal. Outcome-only GRPO is gradient-starved here, since almost every rollout group fails identically, while a per-turn process reward crediting each successful tool call restores variance to nearly every group. Trained this way, the agent transfers with no further tuning to an independently implemented voice benchmark, more than doubling task success and carrying an open-weights model from last place to second on that leaderboard, while using fewer turns and tokens than before training.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.26432
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Knowledge-Verified Emergent Deception in LLM Agents Under Conflicting Incentives
2026-08-26 19:56:13Zheyuan Liu, Weiliang Zhao, Xiangchi Yuan, Ningshan Ma, Yue Huang, Meng JiangAbstract
Large language models are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents serving users on behalf of companies, placing them in settings where user and deployer interests can conflict. When an agent knows that a user is owed something its deployer would prefer to deny, does it remain honest? Answering this is difficult because false statements can reflect either ignorance or hallucination rather than deception. To address this challenge, we introduce KnownLieBench , a knowledge-verified benchmark that first confirms through a neutral probe that an agent knows a user's entitlement, and then evaluates whether it makes false claims once an incentive to deny that entitlement is introduced. Specifically, KnownLieBench covers eight customer-service domains and 112 grounded cases, conducts multi-round dialogues with a trust-tracking customer agent, and separates deception emerging from incentive alone from deception produced under explicit instruction. Across eighteen proprietary and open-weight models, emergent deception varies substantially across model families and domains. We further use the benchmark for post-training, finding that honesty-directed fine-tuning reduces deception under incentive, while deception-graded fine-tuning increases lie success on honest-control dialogues without increasing lie frequency under incentive. By verifying entitlement knowledge before scoring deceptive behavior, KnownLieBench reduces the confound between lying and not knowing and enables more rigorous auditing and steering of agent honesty.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.26372
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Beyond Local Surprise: Grounded Dialogue as Selective Belief Revision under Referential Uncertainty
2026-08-26 17:13:46Ziming Liu, Bhanu Chaitanya Jasti, Ziyang Xu, Hongyu Wu, Yi Wu, Jiqun LiuAbstract
When a speaker refers to a scene that the listener cannot directly see, the listener must decide whether to preserve its current understanding or revise it as new utterances arrive. Many language systems treat local mismatch as a cue for updating: divergence from the current understanding encourages adjustment. Yet conversational understanding may be more conservative, interpreting mismatching evidence relative to prior understanding rather than immediately revising it. We introduce a controlled, data-driven framework for turn-by-turn preserve/revise decisions in dialogue, where competing revision policies are learned under otherwise identical conditions. We compare four theory-driven revision strategies, each reflecting a different assumption about when listeners should preserve or revise. Two findings stand out. First, a mismatch-driven policy that updates solely based on local divergence reacts strongly to mismatch but destabilizes grounding and degrades retrieval. Second, an uncertainty-sensitive policy extends mismatch-based updating with accumulated evidence, preserving coherent understanding while maintaining strong retrieval performance. Surprisingly, coherent understanding emerges from a counterintuitive pattern: local mismatch promotes preservation, whereas accumulated uncertainty promotes revision, suggesting that listeners maintain prior understanding despite local mismatch and revise only when uncertainty sufficiently accumulates. This pattern is consistent with conceptual pact theory.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.26035
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EgoArgus: Benchmarking VLMs as Situational Assistants for Modality-Grounded User Supports
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VLMs are increasingly positioned as daily assistants that perceive first-person environments, follow user dialogue, and decide how to help. Existing egocentric benchmarks mainly evaluate visual understanding in isolation, leaving open whether models can arbitrate between visual evidence and user-provided language when the two are helpful, irrelevant, or conflicting. We introduce EgoArgus, a human-annotated dataset for evaluating egocentric assistants on understanding and decision tasks in five dialogue-video daily scenarios. Our results demonstrate that it is still challenging for current VLMs as reliable egocentric assistants, which requires identifying which modality is trustworthy and deciding when intervention is warranted. Deeper analysis also shows that existing modality bias mitigation methods are quite restricted to enhance performance, providing insights to aid practioners into the deployment of current VLMs as daily assistants.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.25561
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Learning What to Share and What to Personalize: Hierarchical Strategy Co-Evolution for Agent Memory
2026-08-26 03:24:52Yupeng Han, Shuochen Liu, Kai Zhang, Ze Liu, Zhihong Pan, Xianquan WangAbstract
Memory-augmented agents maintain compact user profiles throughout extended conversations, enabling personalized and consistent responses without the need to process the entire dialogue history. The quality of these user profiles relies on the underlying memory management strategy: at each step, the agent must determine what to retain, compress, or discard. However, existing methods typically employ a static, one-size-fits-all strategy established before training. In practice, the optimal memory decision is inherently user-specific and dynamically evolves alongside policy optimization. To address this, we propose \textbf{HiPS} (\textbf{Hi}erarchical \textbf{P}ersonalized \textbf{S}trategy), a framework that decouples memory management into a globally shared foundation and a user-specific adaptive tier. Specifically, HiPS employs \textbf{Universal Strategy} to extract shared principles from cross-persona trajectories, alongside \textbf{Persona Delta Distillation} to generate tailored rules for users whose behaviors diverge from general patterns. \textbf{Cross-Level Rule Flow} dynamically calibrates their boundary by promoting broadly validated personal rules and demoting contradicted global ones. The architecture establishes a co-evolution loop where a mechanism guarantees that all strategy refinements are anchored to task outcomes. Extensive experiments demonstrate consistent improvements over memory-augmented baselines.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.25329
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TurnBench: A Multi-Domain Benchmark for Turn-Taking Dynamics in Spoken Dialogue
2026-08-25 23:14:36Freeman Jiang, Ramon Sanabria, Soham Deshmukh, Bandhav Veluri, Simon Michael Vuch Williams, Elliott K. Suen, Garreth Lee, Kevin Yoonho Choi, Takuya Umeki, Riku Kubo, Sathvik Udupa, Chien-yu Huang, Shih-Yun Shan Kuan, Zhuoyan Tao, Satyapriya Krishna, Sefik Emre Eskimez, Yu Tsao, Hung-yi Lee, Shinji WatanabeAbstract
Speakers in natural conversation take turns speaking and listening, deciding in real time when to take, hold, or yield the floor. However, turn-taking evaluation remains limited due to the lack of a consistent, linguistically grounded evaluation protocol and hand-annotated data covering diverse conversation types. To address this, we present TurnBench, a multi-domain benchmark that pairs a 30-hour, hand-labeled corpus of dyadic human conversation with a standardized evaluation protocol for end-of-turn and interruption detection. We set conversation type as a controllable experimental variable, covering six distinct interaction styles, and triple-annotate each conversation. Benchmarking 14 heterogeneous turn-taking systems, we find end-of-turn recall stable across types, while interruption false positives are strongly type-dependent and concentrated in backchannel-dense interaction styles. Although in smooth floor transfers human listeners begin speaking a median 151 ms before the current turn ends, no current system performs equivalently without incurring excessive false positives. We release our corpus, a 104-hour training set, and a public leaderboard with an interactive dataset viewer at this https URL
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.25218
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MTDiag: A Multi-Turn Diagnostic Dataset Towards Clinically Meaningful LLM Evaluation
2026-08-25 19:27:10Pia Chouayfati, Alexander M. Fichtl, Miriam Ansch\"utz, George Doumat, Georg GrohAbstract
Clinical diagnosis is fundamentally interactive and incremental, yet the dominant paradigm for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in medicine remains static QA benchmarks or template-based dialogues. These benchmarks say little about whether a model can serve as a diagnostic agent in a dynamic clinical encounter, with LLMs showing significant accuracy and reliability degradation in multi-turn settings. To address this issue, we present MTDiag, a large multi-turn diagnostic dialogue dataset constructed from three heterogeneous sources: DDXPlus, MIMIC-IV, and published case reports (AJCR), covering common ED presentations as well as long-tail rare and atypical conditions. All cases are normalized into a canonical schema anchored in the most comprehensive and widely-adopted medical knowledge bases (UMLS concept identifiers, with ICD-10 diagnosis codes). We release the schema, a UserLM-8B-based utterance-generation pipeline, and the physician-validated dataset that converts structured clinical evidence into natural-language utterances. Importantly, we introduce and motivate clinical knowledge-grounded metrics for evaluating LLMs as diagnostic agents, beyond diagnostic accuracy, for the task of multi-turn differential diagnosis.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.25085
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MIRAGE: How Conversation State Shapes Historical Evidence Use in Multimodal Personal Agents
2026-08-25 10:59:10Yu Liu, Wenxiao Zhang, Cheng Hu, Cong Cao, Fangfang Yuan, Xinyu Wang, Jin B. Hong, Yanbing LiuAbstract
Multimodal large language model (MLLM) agents are increasingly used as personal assistants for long-running tasks. Their utility depends on continuity: agents must retrieve and use earlier evidence across dialogue, files, and workspace state. However, agents can generate plausible answers even when access to that history has degraded, causing outcome-only evaluation to overestimate true evidence use. We present MIRAGE (Multimodal Interaction Retrieval, Attribution, and Grounding Evaluation), a controlled study of historical evidence use under conversation-state variation in multimodal personal agents. MIRAGE holds evidence objects, questions, and scoring fixed while varying only conversation state, and evaluates whether an agent can determine answerability, recover the correct source, and answer from it. Across seven frontier and open-weight multimodal backbones, we find that: 1) pre-compaction depth and post-compaction continuation form distinct, non-monotonic failure regimes rather than a single degradation curve; 2) open-weight models rely heavily on context continuity and are reluctant to spontaneously switch to tool-mediated retrieval when provenance fails; and 3) retrieval pressure improves source attribution in deep pre-compaction states for tool-compliant models, but consistently regresses after compaction, where stored evidence has already degraded. These findings show that historical evidence use should be evaluated under state variation, rather than inferred from outcome-only correctness.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19059
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A Corpus of Real Scam- and Spam-Call Conversations from an Active Voice-Agent Honeypot
2026-08-25 06:29:42Ethan Traister, Dennis Tsang Ng, Siyu Zhang, Huaiyu Guo, Tommy Duong, Tyler Wu, Yuchen Zhou, Xingyu Shen, Jiaqi Wu, Simiao RenAbstract
Real conversations between fraudsters and their targets are among the most informative artifacts for studying telephone scams, yet also the scarcest: passive honeypots overwhelmingly capture automated messages and hang-ups, large-scale studies characterize call metadata rather than dialogue, and manual scam-baiting does not scale. We present a dataset of real scam-call conversations collected by an active voice-agent honeypot. Dedicated numbers are seeded into the lead-generation channels fraud operations harvest; inbound callers are answered by a low-latency conversational agent that adopts a plausible target persona and sustains the interaction while every call is recorded, transcribed, and automatically labeled. Over an initial 53-day window we captured 10,015 inbound scam and spam calls (6,601 with two or more turns): roughly 895 hours of audio and 328,869 transcribed turns from 5,665 distinct originating numbers. Under a holistic classifier the substantive calls are predominantly predatory-but-legal lead generation ("spam", about three in five), while about one in seven is an outright "scam" (949 in this snapshot). Each call carries a turn-level transcript, three-channel audio, per-turn latency telemetry, and layers of automatic labels, including a holistic scam/spam/legitimate judgment corroborated by independent human review (75% agreement on the binary decision). We describe the collection system, the record structure, and technical validation of the corpus's realism and label quality, including that the agent is recognized as non-human in only about 5% of engaged calls. We also benchmark established scam-detection methods, where detectors trained on published synthetic dialogue collapse in precision on real traffic.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.29528
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When Less Is More: An Empirical Study of Minimal Responses in Counseling Dialogues and the Behavior of LLMs
Abstract
In psychological counseling, effective support is not always delivered through long, information-rich responses. Minimal responses, such as backchannel cues and concise empathic statements, help convey attentive listening, express empathy, and encourage clients to continue expressing themselves. However, existing counseling dialogue systems and evaluation frameworks often favor explicit, content-rich replies, overlooking the interactional value of brief counselor utterances. This paper presents a systematic cross-lingual analysis of minimal responses across multiple counseling dialogue datasets. We develop a two-stage filtering method based on utterance length and content, followed by contextual verification using a large language model (LLM). Our analysis shows that minimal responses are common in human-collected datasets but substantially underrepresented in LLM-generated ones. We further evaluate current LLMs in manually curated dialogue contexts where human counselors used minimal responses. The results show that strong commercial LLMs are capable of generating minimal responses when explicitly instructed, but still struggle to determine when such responses are appropriate. Counseling-specific models trained on synthetic data perform particularly poorly, tending instead to produce longer and more information-rich responses. Moreover, LLM-based response-quality evaluation may undervalue minimal responses, even when they are interactionally appropriate.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.24080
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BiGraph-Diffuse: A Bidirectional Diffusion Language Model with Graph-Structured Retrieval For Mental Health Counseling
2026-08-25 04:22:18Yuxiang Cheng, Quanwei Tang, Lvhui Lu, Dong Zhang, Shoushan Li, Erik CambriaAbstract
Mental health disorders affect hundreds of millions of people around the world, yet access to professional counseling remains severely limited. AI-powered dialogue systems offer a scalable alternative, but existing models face two fundamental challenges. First, they lack the bidirectional understanding needed to capture the layered nature of emotional expression, particularly in cases of progressive disclosure, where clients often present symptoms at the surface-level while concealing deeper trauma. Autoregressive (AR) models process information sequentially and cannot revise early interpretations when new evidence emerges later in the conversation. Second, they fail to effectively incorporate the relational knowledge that underlies clinical reasoning. In this paper, we propose \textbf{BiGraph-Diffuse}, the first large-scale diffusion language model tailored for the counseling domain. We further introduce \textbf{BiGraph-RAG}, a relation-free graph-structured retrieval strategy that relies only on lightweight entity extraction and semantic linking. This design preserves inferential pathways from observable symptoms to potential underlying causes, while incurring zero LLM token cost during indexing. Importantly, these two modules are not merely combined but mutually reinforcing. The diffusion model provides a holistic bidirectional context, enabling the system to defer premature judgments during progressive disclosure. Meanwhile, graph-based retrieval captures the structured interconnections of clinical knowledge. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of BiGraph-Diffuse, and we further provide a solid theoretical analysis to support its design.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.29519
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